tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51699751296970930142024-03-14T06:03:19.710+00:00Sociology, Keele UniversityNews, research updates and expert commentary Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.comBlogger282125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-50565070466505129712018-12-21T17:37:00.002+00:002018-12-21T17:37:30.443+00:00Notes on the Future of the Humanities and Social Sciences in the Context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">Mark Featherstone</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to Klaus Schwab we are in the process
of entering the fourth industrial revolution and this will produce enormous
challenges for people in even the most high tech societies. What do we mean by
the fourth industrial revolution? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Essentially, Schwab’s term refers to a new age
of interconnectivity defined by the integration of biological, sociological,
economic, political, and cultural systems under the sign of digital technology
which transforms everything into code. In other words, since we can now
understand life itself in terms of data (DNA code and so on), new levels of high
tech integration are in the process of emerging and it is possible to read
across the natural and human sciences in order to understand this new interconnected
world. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">On the one hand there is nothing new about
Schwab’s thesis. Anybody who has studied the work of Karl Marx in any kind of
depth knows that the modern, capitalist economy is essentially premised upon
working on (exploiting) what Vernadsky called the biosphere (the earth itself)
and that there has thus been a high level of integration between natural and
social, economic, and political systems since at the very least the emergence
of capitalism. However, on the other hand what is different about Schwab’s new
industrial revolution is the level of integration allowed by digital
technology, and this is where we must be very careful about celebrating these
new interconnections. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In order to explain why this is the case, let’s
explore the key ideas of the contemporary French writer, Bernard Stiegler.
Stiegler starts by returning to perhaps Marx’s key insight about the emergence
of capitalism in the original industrial revolution. Marx shows how the
original industrial revolution led to the emergence of two new classes – the
bourgeoisie and the proletariat – from the old feudal landscape of landed
aristocracy and peasants and that the struggle between these two new classes
would essentially drive history towards its conclusion in a classless communist
society. However, what interests me for the moment is less Marx’s theory of
dialectical history (though I will return to this later) and the transition from
capitalism to communism and more his theory of the proletariat. This is a key
idea for Stiegler, so let’s explore what it means.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What is the proletariat? What does it mean to
be a proletarian? The answer is that the proletariat is a group of people torn
away from their relation to the land and thrown into an entirely new social
situation which leaves them completely alienated or estranged from the world.
Under these conditions the proletarian is lost and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deskilled</i> first, (1) because of their alien situation in the
industrial city, ad second, (2) as a result of the form of discipline
industrial work imposes upon them. What does this mean? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The answer to this question is that the ‘intelligence’
of industrial work is founded in the machine. The new industrial worker
provides labour power – he / she is a cog in the machine – but otherwise he or
she is stupid. The industrial worker does not need to think because the machine
thinks on the basis of its design. I have experienced this first hand in my own
early working life. Working in factories in the North East of England, I did
not think, but instead learned to connect the movements of my body – tipping
fruit onto conveyor belts, for example – to the movements of the machine in
order to make sure I kept up with its movements. The machine – the conveyor
belt – called the shots and I worked hard to keep up. The final product of the
factory (carefully packed fruit for supermarkets) did not matter to me. All that
I cared about was keeping pace with the machine. That was the objective of my
role. This is what the term proletarian means beyond signalling a class position.
That is to say that proletarian means <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">deskilled</i>,
turned into a beast of burden, a labourer who has no idea what they are doing,
beyond contributing labour power. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Of course, sociology emerged in the context of
19<sup>th</sup> century capitalism and grew up on the basis of different
attempts to understand this new industrial world. Sociologists wanted to oppose
the situation of what Stiegler calls <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proletarianisation</i>
and understand the new modern society. This is what sociology has always done. Thus,
following Marx’s epoch of industrial factory work, sociology provided a lens to
view more recent transformations in the mode of production – for example, the
turn towards computerisation – which resulted in a new wave of
proletarianisation. This time the old industrial workers were thrown out of
work by computer technology. In this new high society they were left behind,
made redundant, and forced to adapt or die. This was, coincidentally, the fate
of the older members of my own family who grew up with industrial work and knew
nothing else. As I was entering university and working in factories to make
ends meet, they were being made redundant by a new society defined by
knowledge. They were unable to adapt to this new situation having left school
in their early teens and were thus thrown onto the scrap heap of the new
computerised society.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However, there is more to this story than a
history of class struggle based upon a kind of Darwinian survival of the fittest
and most adaptable, because Schwab’s fourth industrial revolution contains the
seeds of a much greater existential threat to humanity itself (everybody, even
those who might imagine they will come out of this new transformation on top,
is now under threat), contained in the way the new integration of coding
systems undermines our very ability to think or, in other words, be human. This
is Stiegler’s key point that I want to unpack in some more detail below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although there are similarities between
Stiegler’s thesis and Marx’s original idea of proletarianisation – the worker’s
skill and knowledge migrated to the factory machine in such a way that made him
or her stupid and disposable – the advantage the old industrial worker retained
was the ability to think in his / her free time. The old industrial worker
worked with their body. They sold their labour power. Their mind was redundant,
but they could at least think in their spare time, which is precisely what I
did when I entered university, and my family had always done - thinking and
reading when they were not working for money (the lot of the wage slave). Now we
know that the proletarian was far from stupid beyond his or her work life, and
it was possible for them to reach class consciousness through reading and
becoming part of political organisations and this is precisely what they did in
opposing capitalism and campaigning for better worker’s rights and so on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But how would this work in the world of the
fourth industrial revolution, code, and cognitive capitalism where the very
object of capital is information, what passes for knowledge, and thinking
(thinking is now a commodity, a thing that can be estranged, taken away from
the person who thinks by virtue of brain mapping systems that know more about
our minds than we do) in a vast globalised system spanning natural, social,
economic, and digital ecosystems? This is Stiegler’s point. Today, that very
space of thinking itself is in the process of being colonised by technologies
for codifying information and circulating it at high speed in such a way that
undermines human thought which is far too slow to keep up with ‘the system’ (I
use this slightly conspiratorial term ‘the system’ to describe the new
integrated high tech bio-social-economic globalised order). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The point of Stiegler’s work is, therefore, to
suggest that the danger of the fourth industrial revolution resides in the
disappearance of the very space of the freedom of human thought itself. Where
will this take place in a world where (1) natural metabolic systems are
entirely bound up with social systems which rely upon them for survival (we
live in a biosphere and civilization built upon fossil fuels and so on that
seem to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">happen</i> to individuals), (2)
the connection between nature and society is completely commodified (everything
and everybody has a value from the quality of the air we breathe to our social
interactions on Facebook which means that we tend to lose our sense of our
singular value to a new form of algorithmic power), and (3) all of this is
coded within a globalised digital system that materialises everything,
including our very brain processes (the mind itself becomes a thing, a network
of synaptic connections, which can be controlled, managed, and nudged by
experts in behavioural economics, for example)? In other words, how can we
think when everything is transformed into transferable data? This is Stiegler’s
nightmare.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In this totally integrated system it would be
easier to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not think</i> – to become un-thinking
– because the system is there to think for us, which is precisely what happens
today when we need ‘to know’ anything. Who can keep up with the system’s reach
and power? In much the same way that it is impossible to predict the weather,
the economic system is also beyond our understanding. Who knew what was
happening when the 2008 economic crash took hold? The basic point here is that
the system knows, while we live in a state of blissful ignorance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In much the same way that God used to have all
the answers (and I would ask my Priest what God thought about this, that, and
the other), Google now tells us what we need to know based on the infinite
reach of its algorithmic power. Of course, you might respond by saying - ‘what
does it matter if Google tells us the answer, we still find out what we need to
know’. My response would to say that this is not thinking, but rather to be
thought by a system that provides instant informational shortcuts to knowledge,
which cut through the need to translate data into lived understandings (processed
in the mind of the individual) by virtue of computational speeds that exceed
the speed of the human capacity to think. There is no ‘working through’ here,
no process towards knowledge, because this is in the machine, which generates
pre-digested answers for the tech-no-mind (the unthinking individual) on the basis of the law of averages. What is
this but proletarianisation for the fourth industrial revolution?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Let me refer to a basic example to try to
capture this more clearly. When the school kid responds to a teacher’s question
by cutting and pasting from Google they are essentially behaving in an entirely
rational manner in a society where the objective is to move data from here to
there as quickly as possible. Of course, they are not learning anything, not
thinking (beyond the decision involved in identifying the information to be
moved from here to there), and not expanding their own knowledge, but rather
simply moving information around. Yet there is clearly a kind of perverse rationality
about this behaviour in the world of the fourth industrial revolution where the
frictionless ability to move data around is everything. Back to sociology - this
is precisely the kind of madness the sociologist Max Weber wrote about in his
work on irrationality or hyper-rational systems (see his massive book, ‘Economy
and Society’), because what is taking place in this example is the destruction
of thought by the acceleration of rational calculation. Here, thinking is taken
out of the equation on the basis that it is simply too slow and also
potentially too subversive for a system based on the speed of data transfer
without the friction of a remainder (the remainder here would be thinking) that
somehow resists instant communication and slows the entire process down.
Let me explain what I mean.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the world of hyper-integration information
is everything. We know this today. We are buried by metrics, but we know
nothing. Who knows what any of this information means? There is no space for
knowledge in this situation because knowledge relies on the individual
processing information (thinking) and translating it into something they
understand on their own terms (i.e., through their own individual experiences).
The problem of this is, of course, that this process of individualisation, this
process of thinking, corrupts the identity of informational code
(who knows what the individual will make of information when they process
it on their own terms, but it won’t be absolutely objective – absolutely
transferable to anybody) because knowledge breaks the coherence of the
hyper-rational system which has become the central objective of information
processing today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is why in the contemporary school system
exams rely on the repetition of information, rather than knowledge-based
responses founded in individual interpretation. There is no space for this in a
system fixated on the reproduction of its own coherence, rather than individuals
that possess knowledge and can think for themselves, outside of the coordinates
of the system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But surely this is madness in an education
system set up to produce ‘knowledgeable’ people who can make a difference in
the future? The entire point of the person who possesses knowledge is that they
might think differently, they might process information in a particular way
that transgresses the taken for granted models of the present, and solve
problems that others have not been able to solve. Surely this is what education
is about, rather than the production of ever more information proletarians? The
danger of the new industrial revolution is that it will lead to this – the
emergence of an education system that produces ever more techno proletarians
and completely blocks the development of individuals. Why is this the case? The
reason the new industrial revolution threatens to cause this disaster is
because it essentially industrialises thought in technology and takes it away
from people. This is what Stiegler calls proletarianisation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Let’s restate this key point - the precise
danger of Schwab’s fourth industrial revolution resides in the short-circuiting
of the process of the individualisation of information in new knowledge and the
emergence of a system of endless repetition based upon the relentless
circulation of information which becomes increasingly less valuable the more
widely it circulates until it is essentially worth nothing (a commodity which
is absolutely available has no value). Thus we reach the conclusion of the
system of totally transparent information. This system, which we might imagine would
make us more intelligent and more knowledgeable, ends up transforming into a factory
for (1) producing worthless information that nobody wants because everybody
already has it and that (2) prohibits anybody from knowing anything since the
very process of knowing involves breaking the rules of a system committed to the
frictionless commensurability and transparency of everything. The headline here
is ‘no thought allowed’.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although Schwab’s idea has only recently come
to the fore in educational debate, the problem of the industrial digitisation
of knowledge in the form of colourless information (colourless, meaning
absolutely transparent and transferable) has troubled me for many years in my
role of teacher. In the early part of my career there was a sense in which
everybody understood the need to process information in order to create
knowledge. One would read difficult books and struggle to understand them in
the name of advancing one’s own knowledge of a particular topic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the early days of the internet I was
convinced that we would only benefit from the democratisation of knowledge (I
could access the world’s library online), but what has happened in the period
since the late 1990s is that the industrial digitisation of knowledge in the
form of endless information has undermined processes of thinking to the extent
where every type of knowledge (reduced to simple information) seems somehow
equal and commensurate. Plato, Hobbes, Darwin, and Einstein – from the point of
view of the internet it’s essentially all the same. There is nothing ‘to know’
here, but only information to be blindly and unthinkingly consumed without the
intervention of reason or critique. Why would this prove difficult? If all
information is essentially the same, learning the classics is more or less the
same as learning a nursery rhyme or a shopping list. What, then, can we do
about this situation? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Stiegler’s answer to this question explains why
we should be opposed to any educational systems that puts the student in the position
of passive consumer. This should not and must not happen. Let me explain this
position, providing my own take on what Stiegler calls ‘contribution’. Before
Marx wrote about the proletarian whose ability to think had been alienated in
the machine, the German philosopher Georg Hegel imagined the emergence of
society itself from the struggle between primitive humans. Hegel’s proto-Darwinian
idea was that the natural battle for survival between these primitive humans –
think chimpanzees fighting for supremacy - would establish a class system upon
masters and slaves. This would be the first society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But while Hegel’s philosophical version of ‘The
Planet of the Apes’ explained the emergence of society, the irony of his class
system made up of masters wallowing in luxury and slaves working themselves
into the ground to keep their masters happy is that the slaves overtook the
masters precisely because of their work which saw them learn, progress, and
become more human. Thus Hegel’s key point - the negativity of the slave’s
original position – his or her slavery – thus becomes the source of his escape
into positivity – his or her humanisation. Work is everything, but this is ‘active
work’, learning through engagement, rather than mindless labour or passive
consumption, which is, of course, how the master lives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">What does this have to do with the future of
the humanities and social sciences today (the topic of this post)? The answer
is that I think that Hegel’s theory is a model for the future of knowledge,
education, and the human sciences (the humanities and social sciences) in the
fourth industrial revolution by virtue of the way in which it shows how it is
possible to translate negativity (the endless useless information circulating
around Google) into positivity (lived knowledge, skills, and centrally
understanding how to learn) in the service of humanisation. We cannot allow
information to wash over us, to transform us into techno proletarians, but must
work on it, and transform it into knowledge that makes us more human. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Of course, a key question remains – how can we
achieve this in a system that is about the rapid, passive processing of information?
My answer is that this easy passivity is precisely what we must oppose by
moving away from models of learning and teaching that position students as
passive consumers because this is, in the long run, to cheat them of the possibilities for humanisation set out by Hegel. We know that we possess the long
established techniques to realise Hegel’s theory – the entire point of the
dialectical model which he adapted from Plato’s dialogic method was to move thought forward or in the context of the student, to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">essay</i>, to carefully (and I emphasise the
idea, ‘carefully’ here) compare, to contrast, and to weigh alternatives in such
a way that required critical thought and the translation of information into
knowledge in the name of the development of reason (where reason means the
ability to find a middle way) – but it is <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">absolutely
essential</i> that these methods are not estranged into technologies that end
up thinking for us. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Although it may seem easier to let machines
think for us in a consumer society where everything is for sale, it is
impossible to buy knowledge. Information is everywhere today - in fact, there
is so much of it that it is virtually worthless – but I repeat: it is not
possible to buy and passively consume knowledge. Knowledge is never for sale. As
Hegel and then Marx taught, it takes time, effort, and work to learn, to become
skilled in a particular field, and become more human. This is Stiegler’s key
message. Under these conditions, the problem of passivity, of surrendering
‘know how’ to the machine, is that it leads to proletarianisation. It is
precisely this situation that I think Schwab’s fourth industrial revolution
threatens simply by virtue of the totally integrated system – the biological,
the social, the economic, the political, and the cultural – that thinks and
processes everything and leaves no space for humans to translate information
into knowledge, ‘know how’, and skill.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I think that we must oppose this situation for
a number of reasons. First, consider the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">ethical
</i>disaster of this form of proletarianisation. Since the individual is
essentially no longer human, but rather a cog in a vast information transfer
machine, they are objectified and only valuable so long as they are functional
for the wider system. The moment they no longer function, they are redundant
and should be thrown on the scrap heap. Of course, this is what capitalism
does, and has always done, but the current situation is more problematic than
previous waves of redundancy precisely because it impacts upon the general
human ability to think in toto, rather than in a particular workspace (i.e.,
the factory where the machine thought and the labourer provided power). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But under conditions of the globalisation of the
digital system, there is no escape from the reach of capitalist processes that
translate everything into data. There is no outside. There is no place and no
time where we are free to think since our smart phones connect us to work 24 /
7 in an entirely networked world. According to Jonathan Crary, even sleep offers no escape today, since information has even abolished our ability to dream! How, then, can we think inside this maelstrom of
information? How can we process information in order to create knowledge in
order to understand our world where we are drowning in so much information
produced at such an accelerated rate? The answer is that we cannot, which is
why we see the shift from deep attention to hyper attention taking place today.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is the second problem of the fourth
industrial revolution which we can talk about in terms of a kind of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">psychological</i> disaster. This new form of
hyper attentiveness, though this mode of ‘paying attention’ is not really
worthy of the name, is reflected in the behaviour of people who scan several
screens at once in order to try to keep up with everything that is happening
around them. Of course, they can only do this by dividing their attention, not
really paying attention to anything in any kind of depth, and not really
processing anything. Although this individual possesses high tech attention, and
there is a kind of futurism about this, it is also paradoxically a base, animal
form of attentiveness that undermines the achievements of civilization that
make us human. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In a survival situation – and there is no other
situation in the natural world – the animal must be hyper-aware of threats that
may come from any direction. The animal must be prepared to ‘fight’ or ‘take
flight’ at a moment’s notice. Is this not precisely how we feel sat before our
various screens, bombarded by events hitting us from every angle, unable to
keep up with the pace of events, permanently on the edge of falling behind,
struggling to survive? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">No wonder anxiety is the dominant mental health
condition for the new age, because the anxious person is in a constant state of
hyper-awareness to the extent that their nerves are destroyed and they can no
longer cope with normal events that might tip them over the edge. Of course,
anxiety is closely followed by depression in the new landscape of the
contemporary mental health catastrophe we are currently living through. What is
depression if it is not the condition of people who are completely exhausted,
burnt out, and unable to see a way out of a situation that seems completely
hopeless? My point is obviously not to say that all individual cases of anxiety
and depression are entirely brought about by these broader social conditions
(there are individual circumstances), but this situation forms the cultural
backdrop that makes these pathologies more likely to take hold in ever greater
numbers, simply because of the stress it causes people to experience.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We might argue that hyper attention has value
today because it allows us to try to survive the maelstrom of information we
must endure, but we must also see Stiegler’s point - that this storm of
information proletarianises and prevents individuals from really thinking about
their situation simply because it prevents them from developing symbolic
structures and narratives to make sense of their world. Instead, they survive
by responding and reacting to events, in much the same way that a wild animal
might respond or react to a particular situation. There is no time to think.
One must react. But where is the long term future in reaction? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">There is, of course, a sense in which thinking
is passé, old fashioned, a relic of the past in the contemporary world. We want
the adrenaline of explosive events. We want things to happen because we are
essentially addicted to hyper-activity. In a way we love the violence of the
informational maelstrom, even though it leaves us sleepless and in a state of
exhaustion. By contrast thinking is boring because it requires us to carefully connect
ideas and think our way through a situation. This is extremely difficult in our
fast paced world because it requires time, concentration, and deep attention,
but this is exactly what we must try to do if we are to overcome the problem of
proletarianisation threatened by the fourth industrial revolution. We need to
take our time, slow down, log off, sit in silence, and think.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I was taught to think by a sociology professor,
John O’Neill, who provided me with a mental framework (reason, a system for thinking, and
a series of tools to develop this system) to understand and interpret the world
around me. He turned me into a craftsman, able to carefully connect ideas and
make sense of situations, and I am committed to sticking to this approach
through thick and thin. However, I must confess that in my darkest days I
struggle to think, struggle to manage the kind of cognitive overload caused by
the new informational capitalism, and struggle to make sense. The stress and
strain brought about by the attempt to take the time to think my way through
the contemporary vortex of information leaves me with pounding headaches which
I think are probably symbolic of the effort to try to make sense of a world
which is becoming increasingly senseless. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In the end I suppose this is where I think the
real value of the humanities and social sciences resides today. Despite people
wondering about their value today (what is their precise instrumental, economic value?),
they are actually more important than ever before simply because the potential
fall into senselessness (the inability to think in a vortex of information) is
the fall into proletarianisation, what Stiegler calls systemic stupidity, and
animality, with all its consequences for a civilized society (increased
violence and so on). This is precisely what we must resist by maintaining our
human ability to think beyond information. Against this potential catastrophe,
a disaster which various thinkers, including Stiegler, have seen coming in the
mental health crisis impacting so many people today, what the humanities and
social sciences can teach is a system of first, mental self-defence and
second, a model of human thought to better understand the world. They can
provide an ethical lens to make sense of events and narrow the bandwidth of our
connection to the new digital leviathan so that we are better able to manage
the storm of information that surrounds us today. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The natural sciences achieve this through the
laboratory method which creates a methodological boundary in order to limit the
number of variables the scientist must consider, and they are no doubt at the
frontier of knowledge. However the humanities and social sciences represent a
different kind of epistemological frontierism because their object of knowledge
is the human world, which is currently under siege by new technological
convergences that appear spatially and temporally boundless and for this reason
threaten to destroy processes of knowledge production in storms of information.
In response to this situation that threatens to destroy the human as a thinking
being, I think that the humanities and social sciences can teach models for
making sense of the new world and what we might call following Peter Sloterdijk
‘spheres of tolerable cognitive operation’ (in the past we might have used a
German word to capture this idea, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bildung</i>).
On the basis of my reading of Stiegler’s work, I think this is the ethical and
political challenge of the human sciences today – to save the human from a
post-human future where we will become so many objects circulating around the
vast global bio-economic system produced by Schwab’s fourth industrial
revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07045794810516661183noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-86437747875057046382018-08-15T13:30:00.000+01:002018-08-15T13:43:46.159+01:00New modules for 2018-19: The Anthropological Imagination and Investigating Social Issues <div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zValKHTN6J8/W3QcnVejGoI/AAAAAAAAAdw/-Kmpg7MYPFcDaa6vUzA-E_41reW_2UbzwCLcBGAs/s1600/Anthropology%2Bpic%2B%25282%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="240" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zValKHTN6J8/W3QcnVejGoI/AAAAAAAAAdw/-Kmpg7MYPFcDaa6vUzA-E_41reW_2UbzwCLcBGAs/s320/Anthropology%2Bpic%2B%25282%2529.JPG" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">We are excited to be launching two new modules for the first year students who will be joining us in September 2018. The new modules are </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Investigating</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Social Issues</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> and </span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Anthropological Imagination</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br style="color: #222222;" /></span></span>
<br />
<div dir="ltr" style="color: #222222; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-size: small; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Investigating Social Issues</span><span style="color: black; font-size: small; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> will introduce students to a range of challenges facing societies. The content will reflect current events and social problems that are shaping political, media, and sociological concerns. Topics will include: elites and globalisation; environmental issues; media fragmentation in a post-truth age; the impact of smartphones for the self and personal relationships; the consequences of platform capitalism; and the world of work in precarious times. We will be looking at how a sociological perspective helps us to understand the connections between personal experience and wider social, economic, political and technological changes. The module will draw on a range of sources from academic books and articles to podcasts, short films and documentaries. </span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The Anthropological Imagination</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"> will give students insights into diverse cultures across the globe including the world of narcotics, cartels and gang violence in Mexico and Columbia; witchcraft in the Sudan; the culture of policing in South Africa; an investigation of Japanese hostess clubs; and the politics of environmental disaster and heatwaves in Chicago. Using a range of classic and contemporary texts, we examine what an anthropological approach brings to the study of social relationships and life today. </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-style: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">More details about our undergraduate degrees can be <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/undergraduatestudy/sociology/" target="_blank">found here</a> and details of our open days <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/discover/opendays/undergraduateopendays/" target="_blank">are here</a>. </span></span></span><br />
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<br />Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-36840727636899236372018-08-13T08:53:00.000+01:002018-08-13T08:53:08.474+01:00The impact of media on asylum seekers' sense of belonging<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WU-lv0D3joc/W3E4PYvADUI/AAAAAAAAAdk/haADM7dxNMI2xjEN6ZOvSIxWRcqFvL93ACLcBGAs/s1600/siobhan%2Bblog%2B.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="474" data-original-width="654" height="231" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-WU-lv0D3joc/W3E4PYvADUI/AAAAAAAAAdk/haADM7dxNMI2xjEN6ZOvSIxWRcqFvL93ACLcBGAs/s320/siobhan%2Bblog%2B.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dr <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/staff/siobhanholohan/" target="_blank">Siobhan Holohan</a>, Senior Lecturer in Sociology, recently
spoke at the Social Media and Society Conference held in Copenhagen between
18-21 July. The paper, titled ‘Negotiating citizenship: social media use among
asylum seekers in the UK’, presented findings from a BA/Leverhulme funded
project (</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">with Dr Natalie Soleiman)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> that seeks to examine how asylum seekers make sense of
media discourses about immigration against their precarious citizenship status.
Preliminary</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> analysis of the findings suggests that while people in the asylum
system are aware of the stigmatising narratives surrounding immigration
contained in much mainstream media, they can offset or sometimes transform these
discourses via ‘active research’ on social media. By taking charge of the way
that they use media, our participants are able to mitigate the effects that dominant
discourses about asylum seekers may have on their sense of belonging in the UK.
The paper is part of a series of dissemination events from the project, which
will conclude with a one-day workshop at Keele University in May 2019. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-71796069948073235422018-02-14T17:46:00.000+00:002018-02-16T10:08:04.582+00:00After Bauman – What Next?<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">By Mark Featherstone, Senior Lecturer in Sociology</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Although he was recognised as an enormously important figure in sociology, there was a sense in which the discipline had left Zygmunt Bauman behind in his later years. As it realised the importance of advanced quantitative methods, and vanished into what Alvin Gouldner had years earlier called ‘methodolatry’, Bauman became a kind of peripheral figure. Everybody knew of his great achievements (particularly his book <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Modernity and its Holocaust</i>), but many saw him as a kind of spectre of a past marked by ideological conflict and old fashioned debate about social structure. Through the 1990s many sociologists came to more or less accept the basic structures of neoliberal capitalism, however violent and destructive these might be, and began to work within its coordinates seeking to make things slightly better by suggesting reform based upon evidence-based research. Bauman was, of course, a very different type of sociologist. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">As a social theorist he focused upon the big picture, massive social-historical change, and the ethics of different models of society – socialist society, fascist society, capitalist society. Although many came to see neoliberal late capitalism as a kind of inevitability, and a good number still do even though it appears to me to be irretrievably broken and bankrupt (at least in the British context), Bauman was like every good theorist always looking further ahead. There was no inevitability about late capitalism in his view. There was always an alternative over the horizon. Despite this Bauman never predicted the collapse of neoliberal global capitalism, but he did realise that it would eventually produce an increasingly violent, inhuman, Hobbesian society, which would eventually lead to the end of this barely social model. This is more or less what we live with today, with all its corruption, bankruptcy, exhaustion, and bottomless cynicism. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">On the basis of his profound humanity, and sense of ethics developed over the course of living through most of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Bauman was deeply sensitive to the violent tendencies of capitalist society, which many of the rest of us simply normalise and live with. Against the cynicism of the present, where our elites speak of their opposition to sexism, racism, and all kinds of discrimination, yet continue to profit from the endless proliferation and repetition of systemic violence, which they feel able to ignore on the basis that it seems to come from the ‘no place of social structure’, Bauman knew that that there is no escape from responsibility, however hard one may try. Now it is precisely because of this refusal to turn a blind eye to systemic violence on the basis that this is simply ‘the way things work’ that I think Bauman became unfashionable in a discipline that came to accept the status quo in the name of its own survival (the state is king because it has all the money) and why I also think that his passing represents such a profound event for sociology and the social sciences. Bauman’s passing challenges us – what next?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">That is to say that Bauman’s passing in the context of a marked swing to the right in Britain and America raises profound ethical questions about the role of sociology and the social sciences more widely. What are the social sciences for? Are they about facts and collecting data for the state and whatever government happens to find itself in power? Do <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">they</i> set the agenda and should academics simply follow? Or should sociology have a different mission, a mission concerned with values and the ethical defence of the poor, the miserable, and the abject in the face of a violent social system (global capitalism and all its institutions) that is happy to accept racism, sexism, and all forms of discrimination, so long as it can continue to make a profit and present these violent conditions as somehow accidental by-products of a quasi-natural system that needs to keep going. Of course Bauman knew how objective violence works, and would never be fooled by ‘global capitalism with a human face’ (here violence and power are always simply neutral economic effects that we can’t avoid), and I think this is his continuing challenge to his successors – how long can we continue to support a system that accepts violence, misery, and poverty as a condition of economic efficiency? Is this acceptable?<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Even though he was Polish by birth, only working in the UK at University of Leeds from the early 1970s onwards, I would argue that Bauman was in many ways the last great British social theorist, simply because he refused to accept the macroscopic coordinates of late capitalist British society as somehow given, and as the outer limits of a kind of natural order one must work within. He came from a different age, but it was precisely this difference that gave him perspective, and that made him great. Given the current state of the nation the challenge Bauman’s passing throws down to his successors is, therefore, to resist the present and particularly methodolatry, which in itself represents a form of systematisation and objectification that obscures real violence, precisely because of the way it translates humans into so much data, and think about the real humanity caught in the system. In this way Bauman challenges sociologists to theorise in the name of sketching the outline of the social system, understanding how it functions, and to never accept systemic violence on the basis that this is simply ‘the ways things work’. All of this in the name of real people who suffer. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Of course, critical readers might point out that theory itself is often violent, burying the student under mountains of concepts and big words that have no obvious relation to real life (what’s the point?), but I don’t think this is the kind of theorist Bauman ever was or ever became. I never experienced reading him in this way when I was a student. He was never a punishing writer. On the contrary Bauman wrote to be read because he was ultimately a humanist and taught his reader to think. His theory never lost of sight of humanity and the ethical compulsion to take care of the poor and the defeated was always at the heart of his project. Having spent many hours reading Bauman’s work in my own undergraduate days, I think my own basic, fundamental understanding of the discipline of sociology was formed by his thinking, and the influence of his ethical approach has never left me. Alongside my own teacher John O’Neill, who introduced me to phenomenology without telling me and taught me that my own experiences were worth something, Bauman taught me all about ‘being sociological’, ‘thinking sociologically’, and trying to understand the bigger picture and at the same time keep hold of the real situation of those being destroyed, ruined, and wasted by the social system. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Essentially, this is the view of Bauman I contributed to the special section of <a href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/cultural-politics/issue/13/3" target="_blank">Cultural Politics</a> devoted to his work and legacy. It was a great honour to be part of this section because it was edited by one of Bauman’s former students (Professor John Armitage) and included contributions from many of the key commentators on Bauman’s work over the years. Taken together these articles explain Bauman’s profound impact upon sociology, the social sciences, cultural studies, and cultural theory and, I think, raise important questions about what happens to critical thinking and the testing of the limits of what it is possible to think in a given social context after Bauman. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
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Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-26709301216903011212018-01-29T15:02:00.003+00:002018-01-30T10:13:08.667+00:00Accountabilities and Accountings: some notes on the IMF and the ‘Greek Debt Truth Commission’<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hDaUwrWGJKM/Wm81EHYSRiI/AAAAAAAAAJA/suRITPZiX7IMigF5-eRyQOlxKl9EgbC2gCLcBGAs/s1600/19545752836_97b1b4cf61_m.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="159" data-original-width="240" height="212" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hDaUwrWGJKM/Wm81EHYSRiI/AAAAAAAAAJA/suRITPZiX7IMigF5-eRyQOlxKl9EgbC2gCLcBGAs/s320/19545752836_97b1b4cf61_m.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture by Global Justice</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Over the last 40 years the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has played a leading role in both the development of neoliberal economic knowledges and their global spread as social and economic policy. Through various kinds of conditional loan agreements that provide financial assistance to nation-states in return for their adoption of “market-friendly” policies, including privatisation, deregulation and integration into the global market, the IMF has tethered us all to a mode of accounting that makes us accountable to the market in absolute and existential terms. Its approach has led sociologists such as Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval to call it one of the “disciplinary institutions” of neoliberal globalisation (i), remaking social relations in the image of the market through a mixture of incentives and punishments. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">The latest iteration of the organisation’s disciplinary power emerged in the wake of the 2008 global financial crash, particularly in its interventions in Greece which have required successive governments to undertake austerity programmes designed to make the economy ‘sustainable’ in return for financial support. The reality is that ‘sustainability’ was a euphemism for implementing what were figured as critically or existentially necessary economic policies that would enable Greece to repay its debts, whilst simultaneously externalising and ignoring the social costs of doing so. Even if we put the questionable economic assumptions that motivated these decisions aside for now, it remains clear that the IMF’s abandonment of its accountability to ‘the social’ led to severe poverty, deprivation, and social unrest. For example, between 2009-2014 severe material deprivation in Greece rose from 11% to 21.5% of the population, and the poorest 10% of the populations lost 56.5% of their income (ii). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">That all said, anyone who has been keeping an eye on the IMF’s activities might have noticed that this bastion of neoliberalism appears to be undergoing an identity crisis. There has been a curious and not insignificant renunciation of neoliberalism at the level of optics at least. In 2013, the IMF admitted it had failed to understand the social and economic costs of its interventions in Greece (iii). If austerity measures were first understood to be necessary to keep the Greek economy and, more broadly, the Eurozone from collapse, then this was something of an admission that these measures completely failed the Greek economy with terrible social costs. Then, perhaps more significantly, in July 2016 the IMF published a report titled “Neoliberalism: Oversold?”(iv) that rebuked the very neoliberal economic policies which had been central to the IMF’s policy interventions across the globe. Indeed, it argued that ideas which had become all but “common sense” had not resulted in the predicted glut of economic growth and only served to make very few people better off. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Nevertheless, we should be extremely dubious about any claims that these admissions signal a departure from the ways of thinking and acting which have defined the organisation for so long. After all, in the 3 years between its first mea culpa and the second, there was a determined (and ultimately successful) attempt to force Greece to cut more spending for the sake of ‘sustainability’. And it was only a few weeks ago that the Times reported that the IMF believes the cost of Brexit may require the wholesale privatisation of the NHS in order to balance the books (v). It’s difficult to see how this latest intervention constitutes anything but the re-summoning of the very forms of accounting and accountability that the organisation rebuked itself for earlier.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Even as the IMF’s pays lip service to the growing <i>discreditation</i> of neoliberalism whose promise of ever-lasting growth and increasing standards of living appears more and more mythological, it also seems very capable of avoiding a reckoning with itself that would necessitate a penetrative transformation of its knowledge and practices. What to make of this? What does it mean if the IMF is able to occupy discourses against neoliberalism whilst simultaneously spreading and intensifying its social order? </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">By framing the problem in this way, what I hope to point to is the fundamental lack of accountability that both neoliberal institutions and the knowledges they wield have to the social worlds they act upon. From this perspective, a key issue is thus to identify resources that might be drawn from, or indeed, developing new tools, that can hold neoliberalism to account. In other words, how might we develop a different form of (social) accounting that holds neoliberal knowledges accountable to the societies they transform? </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Picture by Nagarjun Kandukuru</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">In thinking about this question, I have become increasingly interested in what has been called the Greek Debt Truth Commission (GDTC). The GDTC was set up by the Greece’s left-wing SYRIZA government during the crisis of 2015 as the Troika (made up of the IMF, the European Commission, and the European Central Bank) were forcing Greece make further public spending cuts to repay its debts and become economically ‘sustainable’. The Commission was tasked with developing legal arguments regarding the cancellation of Greece’s debts as part of the SYRIZA government’s strategy of avoiding making further cuts to Greek social spending. It involved analysing official documents including contracts, memoranda, and annual reports as well as extracting witness testimonies in order to challenge the legal standing of both the debt and the immiserating conditions attached to it. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Although the work of the GDTC was cut short for political reasons, in its short life it managed to release a preliminary report (vi) which argued from a legal standpoint that Greece could not and should not cave to the demands of the Troika. It shed light on the dubious foundations upon which Greek debts were accumulated, and, crucially, argued that the conditions attached to many of them (social spending cuts) resulted in the violation of the civil, political, social, and economic rights of Greek citizens. On this basis the report concluded that the debt was illegal, illegitimate, and odious under international law.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">There are some important things about this process that I think could be learnt from. Most of all, I am interested in the GDTC as an exercise in knowledge-making that attempts to reinsert the ‘social’ which the IMF had externalised from its own economic accounting. There is a distinct attempt to produce knowledges which articulate the social costs of making states and their citizens accountable to nothing but an economic balance sheet. On this front, an important aspect of what the GDTC tried to do lies in its appropriation of legal mechanisms and arguments which allowed it to develop its own form social accounting. Through legal discourses it could constitute something of a balance sheet in which specific debts were set against their damaging and ultimately illegal social effects. In doing so, the GDTC constructed a discourse of accounting that enabled what were, in the end, political arguments about the social consequences of austerity to be grounded in the legitimacy and, in theory at least, force of the law. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">Of course, the potential of practices like the GDTC is limited by the critical mass of support that enables them to be wielded effectively. They need to be part of broader social movements and must help them to achieve their goals. But at a time when neoliberalism is failing to deliver the goods it has promised us perhaps now signals a time when tools like the GDTC can be useful. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><u>Notes</u></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(i) Dardot & Laval (2013) <i>The New Way of the World: On Neoliberal Society</i>. London and New York: Verso </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(ii) GDTC (2015) <i>Preliminary Report</i>. Retrieved August 2015, 1, from http://cadtm.org/Preliminary-Report-of-the-Truth, p. 40</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(iii) https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/jun/05/imf-underestimated-damage-austerity-would-do-to-greece </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(iv) http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2016/06/ostry.htm </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(v) https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/privatised-nhs-and-tax-rises-forecast-by-imf-h969qgjmb</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">(vi) GDTC, Preliminary Report.</span><br />
<br />JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-87027853013382800992018-01-04T12:02:00.000+00:002018-01-04T12:27:28.959+00:00Just out: The cosmology of economy: West African witchcraft, finance and the futures market<div class="gmail_default">
<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Dr <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/staff/janeparish/">Jane Parish</a>, Senior Lecturer in <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/aboutus/aboutsociology/">Sociology</a> has a new article published in </i>Culture and Religion<i>...</i></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption">The Frankfurt Skyline where fetish priests manipulate the commodity markets (photo by Thomas Wolf "Der Wolf im Wald")</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In a world where bitcoin represent the wild west of finance and the manipulating of prices of stocks destroys communities and pension schemes overnight, this article explores the relationship between cosmology and financial transactions via the sacred and deeply secret discourses of West African traditional priests in Europe. If you thought that supernatural spirits have no role in the modern economy next to JP Morgan and Standard Charter, the volatile movement of industrial commodity indexes is distorted by different networks of stakeholders, including Ghanaian fetish priests, such that the pricing and purchase of unstable commodities, tin, sugar and coffee, are shaped and magnified through a thick Akan cosmology.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br />Read the article for free <a href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/qdQCe6sbskeH5229P9YQ/full">here</a>.</span><br />
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JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-13885194288889195522017-12-05T20:41:00.000+00:002017-12-06T15:56:44.066+00:00Remaking the Future: Horizon Scanning with Martin Heidegger and Frank Sinatra<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">I was recently asked to take part in a horizon scanning exercise with the idea that I would gaze into the future in the name of figuring out likely hot research topics for years to come. Although I know that all major organisations undertake these exercises and had recently taken part in discussions about a Labour Party horizon scan – what would we do in the case of capital flight brought about by Brexit and so on? – I found scanning the future more difficult than I had imagined. Apart from feeling uneasy about the neoliberalism of the term, </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">the horizon scan</i><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> (in this terminology the horizon is not phenomenological but rather capitalist – what we are looking for is potential profit), my problem went like this - whatever I came up with seemed either absolutely </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">presentist</i><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> or absolutely </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">speculative</i><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> and more like something one would expect to read about in the pages of a science fiction novel. This left me in a quandary. It seemed that there was no point saying anything totally presentist – the future will look like today, but worse – but equally pointless to start talking about wild science fiction. So what, then, should I do? How to connect the present to some possible future?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">As a sociologist, cultural historian, and theorist of utopia I am, of course, acutely aware of these kind of problems of handling time and the relation of the now to the future to come. How to think the future? If I become too realistic in the name of pragmatism, nothing changes and I can’t step outside of the present. On the other hand, if I throw myself into imaginary futures, I end up similarly trapped in the present because my thought experiment is so remote as to be effectively meaningless. Here, I have to rely on the idea of irony – that my critique will reflect back on the present to produce action in clever readers who understand the relevance of my sci-fi to the real world. But since my task wasn’t to write a fictional utopia, what I needed to try to do was to find a way to move from the present to the future on the basis of some kind of reason. But what reason? In the case of the utopian the trick has always been about being able to mobilise the necessary <i>resources</i> – first of all, basic rationality, and second, organisational capacity – to move from the present to something else we might call the future. Every utopian movement has struggled with this problem, which is precisely why the left in particular has historically had so many organisational issues around the relationship between the people who have concrete demands related to immediate social problems (we want more food etc.) and the Party or organisational unit of the people which has to try to deliver on these demands in a way that is sustainable and will change society in the long run. The tension here is obvious to anybody who knows anything about history. Let’s take a quick detour to explain this tension historically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We might say that the problem of the people is how to make things happen. They know they have a problem, but they don’t have the organisation to do anything about it. What about when they get the organisation? Well, things don’t really improve when they invent the organisational form – the Union or the Party. At this point they become caught up in Party politics and the movement takes on a kind of inertia. They have to compromise, settle for less, and everything gets bogged down. Their leaders become cynical. Nothing changes. This was in a way the problem of modern and post-modern utopian history. How to really invent the future? After the Russian revolution, and the realisation of the problem of the Party (Stalinism), the left decided the people were the way to go. This is why horizontal organisation is considered the best democratic way forward these days, even though this comes with its own problems – how to organise etc. without a vanguard? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The problem of modern utopia, the problem of organisation, is one thing, but I think things are much worse now. Let me explain through reference to two concepts, the end of history and the risk society, which emerged in social thought at around the same time (the early 1990s). The strange paradox of the end of history thesis is that it has its own long history, dating back to the work of the German philosopher Georg Hegel, his Russian follower Alexandre Kojeve, and moving forward, the American political thinker, Francis Fukuyama, and finally the French postmodernist Jean Baudrillard. Beyond Hegel and Kojeve, who imagined an end of history in an empire of reason, Fukuyama and Baudrillard saw the end of history operative in post-modern, American capitalism. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The story goes something like this. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Fukuyama argued that there would be no more great or epochal political change. American globalisation was it. Baudrillard went slightly further, as he always did, by arguing that the future had been cancelled in a swirling permanent present of signs, symbols, and consumerist junk that ultimately meant nothing. We thought 9 / 11 put paid to this talk, because people started to see that American capitalism wasn’t the end, and that there was something else – Islamist terror, the rise of China, climate change etc. etc. But, of course, none of this is really representative of the rebirth of history. We all know there are all kinds of global, social, problems now and we can signpost these endlessly, but the questions remains how do we move into the future without a dialectical model to explain where we are going? How do we map the movement between now and what follows in order to create some kind of narrative, some kind of story, we could talk about in terms of history?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is precisely this which would allow us to talk seriously about the future and solve my problem of the horizon scan. At this point I realised my problem – there is no real way to scan the horizon today with any kind of seriousness because the ideational structures linking past, present, and future together have been dismantled. Dialectical theory, which had allowed us to understand the movement of history from the Greeks through to Hegel and later Kojeve and Fukuyama, no longer works today. Why? In one sense Baudrillard hit the nail on the head. We live in a swirl of stuff and we cannot think beyond it. Baudrillard didn’t meet Trump and he didn’t live to hear about post-truth and fake news. But he didn’t need to. He had already predicted the rise of this nonsense which prevents us from thinking rationally long ago when he wrote about post-modern hyper-reality. This theory is all about endings. But what brought this situation about? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">The German sociologist Ulrich Beck provides an answer here. Today we live in a risk society. Our global society is totally connected and moves at such speeds that our rational powers to link cause to effect in order to understand the relationship between the past, present, and future start to break down. Despite what we have been told since 9 / 11 (history is back on with the clash of civilizations), I think the tradition of Hegel, Kojeve, Fukuyama, Baudrillard, and Beck is correct – history is history. Unfortunately reaching this conclusion left me in something of a tricky position. How to scan the horizon and tell my colleagues what I think might happen in the future when I really have no way to do this because there will be no future in the real sense of this term. I can either project from the present – more of the same, but even worse, because we have no way to imagine the future and solve problems – or make some wild utopian or dystopian speculations on the basis of what? A hunch, a feeling? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I still don’t have an answer to the ‘what will happen next?’ question, so I am afraid I can’t provide a social forecast likely to make anybody any money, but I do have a diagnosis and a view about what we must do in order to imagine realistic futures which will in turn allow us, where ‘us’ refers to social beings who move into the future in more or less motivated predictable ways, to begin to challenge the seemingly intractable problems of the present. What is this diagnosis? Centrally, I think that we must reconstruct our sense of human temporality. We must remake our sense of the connection between past, present, and future. We must remake our history itself. How? Well, let me finish by saying a bit about how this would work through reference to two thinkers – the philosophers Martin Heidegger and Bernard Stiegler – who both have a lot to say about time. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Let’s start with Heidegger. I don’t have the space to get into the detail of Heidegger’s <i>Being and Time</i> in this short piece, but what I do want to do is pick out one of the key ideas of this monumental book – the difference between inauthentic and authentic time. Basically Heidegger tells us that inauthentic time happens when we allow ourselves and our path through life to be defined by external forces. Here, he talks about the fall into everydayness, <i>das man</i> or ‘the they’, where the basic idea is that the way we think about ourselves and where we are going collapses into received opinion and the banality of everyday life. How to understand this? Well, we could say that we allow ourselves to be measured by external yardsticks. ‘This is how you should live’. ‘This is what you should be doing’. ‘You have this, that, and the other value’ and so on. By contrast to this, authentic time comes from within me. Here, I map my own sense of self, who I am, what I am doing, where I am going, onto the world and resist colonisation by external forces. I create my own values and live by the measure they provide. In this situation my sense of self comes from inside me, not from some external point of view. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">According to Heidegger, when I think about life and time in this way I am <i>resolute</i>. ‘This is what I am doing, no matter what, and I will not bend to external forces’. I am true to who I am regardless of what is happening in the outside world because one day I know that I will die and when that time comes I need to be able to say to myself that I followed my real inner being. In the words of Frank Sinatra, I need to be able to say that <i>I did it my way. <o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">But what has this got to do with the end of history, the problem of horizon scanning, and the collapse of the future today? The answer is that if my self is externalised today, in an end of history, an end of future, chaotic risk society, then I won’t know what I am doing from one moment to the next. There is no predictability in the world. If I am not resolute and stick to who I am, then my entire sense of self will collapse and with it my ability to contribute to a human future. In effect I will stop being human or at the very least I will become absolutely inauthentic and potentially psychopathological. In the language of the psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan I will become psychotic. This is what I think we must resist today. Essentially, I think the reason we find ourselves in a situation where it is so difficult to understand our world, to map history, to scan the horizon, to think the future, is because we have allowed ourselves to be objectified by economy and the forces of capitalism and turned into so much flotsam in a world that has become increasing post-human. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is what we must fight. We must fight the forces of estrangement that are, let’s face it, what capitalism is all about in order to re-establish the human world and human reason. Unfortunately, the problem of capitalism today is no longer simply one of inequality, and this is why it is so important to understand what neoliberal thought is all about. Neoliberalism is capitalism on crack, capitalism absolutely committed to dehumanisation, and the transformation of every aspect of life in capital value. Nobody can stand this for very long. No wonder we have become stupid and lost touch with our future possibility. We cannot think today because of the media that thinks for us, telling us to buy this, that, and the other. Despite what Marx thought, we cannot really work either, because we now work to pay off our debts. In this respect we no longer work, we labour like beasts of burden. Thus our species being, the way we make ourselves into the future, has been colonised by debt and the need to make repayment for ever more. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Under these conditions the future starts to look grey, murky, and gloomy, like no future worthy of the name. There is nothing here but buying more stuff and paying off debts in an endless present that never really changes. We cannot even hold onto the utopia of retirement because even our pensions are being cancelled because they are too expensive and investors have no intention of putting themselves at risk. How will we live in old age? Without a future where things might be different there is nothing but the control society of the present which invariably decays because we have no way to repair social problems. Indeed the attempt of the elites, governments, and investors to withdraw from risk in a catastrophic form of social policy only further destroys the future because they are completely unwilling to take a chance on investment (which always has a future orientation). No wonder I couldn’t scan the horizon! There is no horizon or even worse, the contemporary horizon is what the French writer Paul Virilio called a negative horizon. This is not a horizon I head towards that forever vanishes into the distance, but rather a nightmare, a horizon rushing towards me, a catastrophe heading straight for me.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is precisely this situation that led Beck to write of the catastrophic society, which seems locked onto future disaster because it has no way of thinking anything new, and Heidegger’s student, Hans Jonas, to conceive of what he called the precautionary principle. This is an interesting idea, and one worth thinking about in relation to our (here ‘our’ means human) need to save the future from becoming an endless parade of unrelated events out of our control, because what Jonas says we need to do to reanimate the present and imagine the future, is project forward into some future catastrophe – the catastrophe bearing down on me. In much same that Heidegger said that we must live meaningful lives in the knowledge that we may die at any moment (death is a certainty, but we don’t know when it will happen), Jonas says that we must live our common social life thinking about what will happen if we do nothing. We will inevitably end up killing ourselves. Human civilization will collapse. This is, then, what I think we need to do today… <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">We need to imagine the worst, and think about the end, because it is only when we do this, when we create a dystopian future, that we will start to be able to animate the present and live with resolution about who we are, what matters, and what must change. Of course, even though we know the present is miserable, and the neoliberal capitalist system is a disaster for the majority of people, it is not easy to be resolute for the sake of some abstract ethic, which is why our resolution must be based upon experience and causes close to us – family, children, people close to us who we are willing to fight for. It is on the basis of this ethic of proximity and closeness that we must resist the alien forces of objectification, forces that will turn us into stupid commodities, flotsam unable to think the future, because we know what these conditions will eventually mean for these other people close to us. The catastrophe will happen and it will happen to them.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">This is a basis for social action, action based in a defence of social security, a defence of social identity, a defence of the value of experience, and understanding, and having a place in history which is the history of people and people who make meaning, not the history of an anonymous system that towers over people who become so many things that are largely irrelevant to the progress of some mysterious, reified global process. This is a different history, the history of non-human processes studied by scientists, but humanity cannot be swallowed by this natural history. Humans cannot live under this anonymous system because we are meaning making creatures and we need to understand the relationship between past, present, and future in order to control our fate. What are we if we are not this? It is our ability to think through a temporal horizon that makes us human and gives us a sense of our humanity. This is not about saying I am the centre of the story and that everything revolves around me because this is megalomania, but rather understanding that I have a history, that this history matters, and that my history is part of a bigger story that gives it some kind of wider meaning relevant to other people. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In this story, this social history, individual experience is suspended in the whole, and matters for this reason. Despite what capitalism thinks (because we have reached a situation where the machine thinks us today) we are not base resources, meaningless objects to be used and abused by an economic machine, but rather historical creatures who become human precisely through our ability to understand ourselves and our present situation in terms of the past and possible futures. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Finally it was in thinking through the problem of horizon scanning today, and the fact that I could not easily make the leap from the catastrophic present to some imagined improbable future, that I realised that it is precisely this situation that the French writer Bernard Stiegler seeks to solve today through the reconstruction of a sociological history based in deep cultural understandings. This is, I think, Heideggerian sociology, a project we badly need to pursue through education and our universities, because it is here, in these places, that we can tell people that they matter, that they are not things, that their experiences are significant, that they are part of history, and part of a potential future beyond the horrors of objectification that transforms people into so much junk floating about on the stormy sea of capitalism. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div>
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Markhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12585424172892441614noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-31926292819512409452017-08-31T13:27:00.000+01:002017-08-31T13:31:41.544+01:00Stiegler’s University and the Horror of the Orphan in the films of Nicolas Winding Refn<div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 200%;">Apart from spending the summer working on a number of projects
concerned with the idea of utopia in eastern thought; the philosophy of the
German thinker Peter Sloterdijk; and debt and indebtedness, a couple of pieces
I have been thinking about and working on for a year or so appeared in print. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 200%;">My article on the French writer Bernard Stiegler and ideas of higher education
called <i>Stiegler’s University</i> was
published in the journal, <i>Review of
Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies</i>. This article, which concerns
Stiegler’s theory of higher education as a battleground between stupidity and
intelligence, connects to very real debates in education today about the impact
of financialisation upon the way people learn and think about knowledge. Do
people enter into education in order to pick up information that they can use
in the world of work? Or do they want to learn and translate information into
knowledge that will change their understanding of the world around them and the
way they behave in that world with the consequence that they might be able to
change it for the better? While Stiegler privileges the latter model of
education in the name of improving people and society, the problem with higher
education defined by debt is that people need to pick up knowledge, and more
precisely information (which I think about in terms of undigested knowledge),
that will enable them to make repayments and ultimately survive in a world
defined by money and monetary valuations of everything. For Stiegler, the
financialisation of higher education is, thus, what ensures its stupidity, and
prevents the production of real intelligence that comes when people are able to
think, change themselves, and as a result, the world around them. But, what,
then is to be done? For Stiegler, we must rethink the role of higher education,
which is not simply to teach skills for the workplace, but also to encourage
people to think, explore, and develop with a view to both individual and social
improvement. Of course, this can only happen in the context of an institution
that enables and foregrounds freedom of thought, as opposed to a model of education
concerned with economic returns, which in turn relies upon educational policy
sensitive to the need to protect this space from market forces that constrain
freedom by forcing people to think in narrow economic terms.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; line-height: 200%;">Following the publication of this piece, I also published
an article on the cinema of the Danish-American Director Nicolas Winding Refn,
called <i>The Letting Go: The Horror of
Being Orphaned in the Cinema of Nicolas Winding Refn</i> in the <i>Journal of Cultural Research</i>. This piece
emerged from a long standing engagement with Winding Refn’s film, which led me
to include a chapter on his cinema in my recent book on utopia and
globalisation (<i>Planet Utopia</i>), and my
desire to extend my exploration of his focus on estrangement and loneliness in
urban environments. After writing about Winding Refn’s lost child in my utopia
book, I extended my discussion into orphan identity in his three most recent
films, <i>Drive, Only God Forgives</i>, and <i>The Neon Demon</i>, in order to show how he
envisages the fate of the individual in contemporary global society. In <i>Drive</i> the main character, who importantly has no name (he is simply
called <i>Driver</i>), lives a lonely life
characterised by a desperate search for family which is endlessly thwarted by
criminality, violence, and the evil of money. The same is the case in <i>Only God Forgives </i>which tells a similar
story in the Thai capital, Bangkok. The difference here is that where <i>Drive </i>represents the main character
endlessly on the run, trying to escape violence and find some form of comfort, <i>Only God Forgives</i> introduces Buddhist
thinking to suggest that the solution to the problem of loneliness is ‘the letting
go’ of the self and its various desires which translate into economic
imperatives to consume and so on. Finally, I turn to Winding Refn’s most recent
film, <i>The Neon Demon</i>, in order to
show how he restages the problem of <i>Only
God Forgives</i> in the LA fashion world. The choice that faces his central
character (Elle Fanning’s Jessie) here is between the living death of the model
(the women who is transformed into a thing by the fashion industry) or the real
death she finally experiences when her vampyric rivals throw her into an empty
swimming pool. That her rivals then consume her body in the name of trying to
steal her beauty, which was always premised on her purity and naivety, shows
that Winding Refn wants to leave the horror of the orphan in a state of suspension.
While Jessie’s death symbolises her escape (her Buddhist ‘letting go’ of the world), her
rivals continue their battle ‘to be somebody’, ‘to make it’, and ultimately ‘to
belong’ somewhere in a world defined by alienation and estrangement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Markhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12585424172892441614noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-84603889849185844962017-08-01T13:53:00.001+01:002017-08-01T13:53:33.708+01:00Keele Sociology: Megan's experiences<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i>Megan Hilditch graduated from Keele in July with first class honours in Sociology. She was awarded the prize for 'best overall performance in Sociology' and in this post she reflects on her experience of studying at Keele. </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i> </i> </span></div>
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-809OJ4yT4XE/WYB4TGrUPII/AAAAAAAAAb0/jB0be0LGieErt_RA5VwlQJfLP05VtG5DwCEwYBhgL/s1600/Megan.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-809OJ4yT4XE/WYB4TGrUPII/AAAAAAAAAb0/jB0be0LGieErt_RA5VwlQJfLP05VtG5DwCEwYBhgL/s320/Megan.JPG" width="320" /></a><div style="text-align: right;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After
enjoying studying Sociology at A-level I decided to continue to study the
subject at degree level. <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/ugcourses/sociology/" target="_blank">Sociology at Keele University</a> appealed to me because of the variety
of topics covered by modules and the breadth of research conducted by the
sociology department, both of which have helped to make my time at Keele an
enjoyable experience. This not only gave me the freedom to tailor my degree
towards my own areas of interest due to the range of <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">choices</span> but also gave me the opportunity to learn about new and
interesting issues; helping to make my experience a positive one. This positive
experience was furthered by the <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/sociology/" target="_blank">Sociology staff</a> who taught their areas of
interest with passion and enthusiasm, making modules enjoyable and lectures
worth turning up for. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">During
my time at <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Keele,</span> I particularly enjoyed
modules which dealt with the family, migration, and new technologies, as these
modules addressed important contemporary issues and enabled me to view such
topics through a critical lens. I also enjoyed modules concerned with urban
living which involved individual research projects; as this allowed me to
choose a specific area of interest which I wanted to learn more about and
encouraged me to think creatively. Such modules have sparked my interest in
city life and have led me to wish to pursue a career in city planning. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As
well as enhancing my knowledge of sociology throughout my three years as an
undergraduate at Keele, studying sociology has allowed me to <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">develop</span> <span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">a range
transferable skills</span> such as; communication skills, organisational
skills, research skills and analytical skills. These have all helped me to
develop as a person and will be beneficial to me in my future employment. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Overall,
my experience of studying Sociology at Keele has been interesting and
pleasurable and a choice that I am glad I made. I am extremely pleased to have
achieved the award for best overall performance in Sociology and could not have
done so without the Sociology staff who were always happy to offer help and
advice. </span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 16.0pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> By Megan Hilditch</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-22375089158828889242017-07-20T16:39:00.000+01:002017-07-20T17:09:04.980+01:00First winner of the Ronnie Frankenberg Prize for Outstanding Undergraduate Dissertation in Sociology<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Chloe Dawson is the first winner of the Ronnie Frankenberg Prize for Outstanding Undergraduate Dissertation in Sociology. This prize is awarded by Keele University and the Sociological Review Foundation Limited. In this post, Chloe reflects on winning this prize and her time studying at Keele. </i></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YrHN8QIANiM/WW5pCc2xQlI/AAAAAAAAAG4/9sIE_EUty9YMRxgyQIisCao3rk0XGViVgCLcBGAs/s1600/Chloe%2Bblog%2Bphoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-YrHN8QIANiM/WW5pCc2xQlI/AAAAAAAAAG4/9sIE_EUty9YMRxgyQIisCao3rk0XGViVgCLcBGAs/s400/Chloe%2Bblog%2Bphoto.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chloe on her graduation day</span>.</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Winning the Ronnie Frankenberg Prize for my dissertation was one of the proudest moments of my life. It is an honour to be associated with such a figure who has shaped and challenged the way we study sociology today. This is also a notion I have always held when <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/ugcourses/sociology/" target="_blank">studying sociology</a> at Keele, that we should always challenge the way we view people and their behaviour, never taking stereotypes or popular views as something not to be explored. Due to this, my dissertation focussed on the ways in which women were excluded from the renowned sociological narrative of urban city life in the nineteenth century. For instance, I explored the way the department store revolutionised women’s new-found access to the city; from the Victorian, middle class values that chained women to domestic life, towards the possibility of them experiencing the city as males have always done. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">My research also led me to examine the portrayal of women in nineteenth century impressionist art, especially their activity within the public sphere. This allowed me to uncover how they have been excluded from the sociological writing of great urban theorists such as Walter Benjamin, Georg Simmel, Charles Baudelaire and David Harvey. Throughout, contemporary views were considered, such as Janet Wolff and Mica Nava’s, who tended to disagree on whether women were ignored within the nineteenth century city or that they simply were not very active during this time.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Interest in this topic has always been a part of my studies at Keele, as a History and Sociology dual honours student I have always enjoyed exploring the views and experiences of the past. The modules available to me have continuously allowed me to enhance this knowledge over my three-year degree; especially due to ‘Classical Sociology’, a first-year module, that introduced me to Georg Simmel and urban sociology thought. Meanwhile, history modules constantly expanded my understanding of the nineteenth century and the way women experienced life, they also deepened my skills of researching and writing about the past. Also, sociology at Keele aided my ability to view historical narrative with a critical eye, but also how these small individual accounts can help us to understand how society, as a whole, was experienced. </span><br />
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<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C2hPnq1cAY8/WXB0i0LyubI/AAAAAAAAAbk/6OkcLiu8BJoQa0jhQ4Dvj2doHGt08PN7QCLcBGAs/s1600/IMG_3037.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-C2hPnq1cAY8/WXB0i0LyubI/AAAAAAAAAbk/6OkcLiu8BJoQa0jhQ4Dvj2doHGt08PN7QCLcBGAs/s320/IMG_3037.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">These are a few of the skills I will continue to use during my next chapter at Keele for my <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/pgtcourses/mressocialscienceresearchmethods/" target="_blank">Masters in Social Science Research Methods</a>. I have decided to stay at Keele due to my incredible experience over the past three years, not only for the beautiful campus or the people I have met but also because of the fantastic support I have been given from the university staff. My lecturers and tutors have always been there to guide me and help me achieve what I have today, providing constant assistance and encouragement. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">When I left school 3 years ago, with average A-Level results, I never could have imagined being given such an award – Keele has taught me that with enough time, dedication, and support, you can work hard enough to achieve such things as the Ronnie Frankenberg Prize for Outstanding Undergraduate Dissertation in Sociology. I think he would be very proud of Keele’s sociology department today.</span></div>
JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-87628039237346944452017-05-02T15:36:00.001+01:002017-05-02T15:43:12.238+01:00Sociology at Keele in the Top 20 of the Complete University Guide 2018<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sociology at Keele University is <a href="https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings?s=Sociology" target="_blank">16<sup>th</sup> place</a> in
the UK in this well-respected league table. A result of the hard work of a
committed and enthusiastic teaching team, delivering research-led cutting-edge
ideas, Keele sociology continues to provide an excellent, friendly experience
for students in our beautiful campus setting.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keele sociology continues to be taught primarily by
research-active lecturers who know their students through face-to-face contact. You can read more about Keele Sociology <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/aboutus/aboutsociology/" target="_blank">here</a>. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If you want to find out more about our amazing staff,
students and campus, please do get in touch. Our next <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/opendays/" target="_blank">Open Day</a> is on Saturday
17<sup>th</sup> June 2017, or if you’re holding an offer or interested in
studying with us and want to ask any questions – please contact us via email
(e.l.head@keele.ac.uk), our <a href="https://www.facebook.com/KeeleSociology/" target="_blank"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">Facebook</span></a> page
or <a href="https://twitter.com/keelesociology" target="_blank">Twitter</a>.</span><br />
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Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-68719445785440841562017-04-04T14:55:00.002+01:002017-04-04T15:03:41.768+01:00Just out: ‘Omnus et Singulatim’: Establishing the Relationship Between Transitional Justice and Neoliberalism by Josh Bowsher<!--[if !mso]>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Dr Josh Bowsher, Teaching Fellow in <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/aboutus/aboutsociology/">Sociology</a>, has published
a new article. This article has emerged out of his interdisciplinary doctoral research which
used social and cultural theory to examine the intersections between
transitional justice and neoliberal forms of globalisation. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Bowsher, J. (2017)
‘Omnus et Singulatim’: Establishing the Relationship Between Transitional
Justice and Neoliberalism, in <i>Law and
Critique</i>: </b><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-017-9198-3"><b>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10978-017-9198-3</b></a><b> </b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YttQ-kGyERE/WOOlmBJ36EI/AAAAAAAAAGA/7cepHWlHCjgif-cSvqa8wvnKLJw73Y4ywCLcB/s1600/lacq.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-YttQ-kGyERE/WOOlmBJ36EI/AAAAAAAAAGA/7cepHWlHCjgif-cSvqa8wvnKLJw73Y4ywCLcB/s400/lacq.jpg" width="261" /></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">First developed by
human rights lawyers and activists, transitional justice began following the
democratisations in Latin America as a series of experiments designed to
address the human rights legacies of the authoritarian regimes from which many
countries emerged. Transitional justice now denotes a range of mechanisms,
including truth commissions, criminal trials, lustration, and so on, used to
deal with human rights legacies in societies emerging from conflict or
authoritarian rule. A ‘global project’ of global governance, transitional
justice is now intertwined with the peacebuilding initiatives of the United
Nations (UN) and the World Bank, which advocate the use of transitional justice
mechanisms in much of Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa, and some parts of
South-East Asia. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Much of the scholarship on transitional justice has remained
“normative”, and seeks to investigate the relative merits of different
approaches to transitional justice, in order to advocate various practices for
the field. More recently, some scholars have taken a more critical perspective,
questioning the assumptions that underlie transitional justice. Increasingly,
these approaches have focused on the enduring relationship between transitional
justice and the project of liberalism, focusing on the ways in which its
discourses and practices often obfuscate or even exclude questions of
socio-economic injustice and structural violence that are integral to
understanding the periods before, during, and after conflict.</span></span><br />
</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Nevertheless, by locating the emergence of transitional
justice within the global rise of neoliberalism, I argue that transitional
justice serves an important function in regards to the particularly neoliberal
contours of many transitions. This relationship, I argue, can be understood by
turning towards the conceptual terrain provided by recent research emerging
from the field of critical neoliberalism studies. More precisely, the article
insists that understanding the relationship between transitional justice and
neoliberalism can be best understood by utilising the term “omnus et
singulatim”.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">Before I continue, I should explain my recourse to this
term. After all, in commenting on his decision to name his 1979 Tanner lectures
“Omnes et Singulatim: Towards a Criticism of ‘Political Reason’”, Michel
Foucault apologised, perhaps in a rare flash of self-consciousness, that ‘the
title sounds pretentious’. Nevertheless, the conceptual terrain inaugurated by Foucault’s
use of the term has become fertile ground for criticisms of forms of liberal
government and their social dynamics, particularly in the work of Wendy Brown.
For both Foucault and Brown, “omnus et singulatim” captures the paradox of a
liberal (and neoliberal) form of government that is, on the one hand, obsessively
concerned with individual liberties, and, on the other hand, must gather its
individuals together into some sort of social body. Omnus et singulatim is thus
the double movement, that simultaneous act of gathering society together and
individualising its members, ‘achieving’, as Brown remarks ‘each through its
seeming opposite.’ </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">For my part, this term captures 3 things. Firstly, what
Brown understands as neoliberalism’s propensity to individualise us as
enterprises seeking to invest and profit from our human capital, all the while,
integrating us as stakeholders into technocratic and administrative projects,
divorced from any of their political implications. Secondly, it captures
transitional justice’s attempts to construct narratives about the conflicts it
attends to in individualising ways, that is through the physical suffering of
individual victims, which is done in the name of reconciliation, a “bringing
together” which is infused with the technocratic language of consensus. Finally,
then it captures the dynamic, or the concrete practices through which the
latter can perform a service for the former, bringing together war-torn
societies in ways that do not challenge, but instead prefigure, the
neoliberalising demands of post-conflict transition.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">In a world that is dominated, by flexible, unwieldy, and
often devastating neoliberalism(s), understanding the relationship between it
and practices that both legitimise and substantively contribute to its various unfoldings
and reconfigurations in post-conflict contexts is important. Hopefully this
article may provide one way of approaching this problem.</span></span></div>
JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-17641697185078443052017-04-04T09:05:00.000+01:002017-04-04T09:45:38.653+01:00Keele Sociologists at the BSA Annual Conference<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1kMNGKJIUPk/WONSw336ZAI/AAAAAAAAAbU/yV-odc1vUd8zcRPrTrC2NJpR1akbfDCJQCLcB/s1600/Keele%2Bsoc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1kMNGKJIUPk/WONSw336ZAI/AAAAAAAAAbU/yV-odc1vUd8zcRPrTrC2NJpR1akbfDCJQCLcB/s200/Keele%2Bsoc.jpg" width="199" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">The British Sociological Association <a href="https://www.britsoc.co.uk/events/key-bsa-events/bsa-annual-conference/" target="_blank">annual conference</a> kicks off today in
Manchester. A number of Keele Sociologists will be presenting papers. More
details below and do get in touch if you would like to know more about our
research. Our contact details are <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/" target="_blank">here</a>. </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Siobhan Holohan and Mark
Featherstone<b> </b></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">The loneliness of the hyper-connected
age: individualism, social media, and the destruction of the social self</span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<span style="color: black;">Rebecca Leach </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Vicarious value:
the social significance of 'turning over' North Staffordshire ceramic ware</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">Farida Henriette </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">The development and display of
commitment by different genders</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">and generations in the Seychelles</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Ala Sirriyeh </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;">'The Great
Meeting Place': Regeneration and Social Inclusion in 'Bradford Beach'</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white; color: #222222;">Ala will also be chairing a panel
which she has co-organised:<i> </i>'Cities built to include? The theories and
practice of inclusion in urban public space'<b><i>.</i></b> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt;"></span></div>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<![endif]-->Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-48317675709223836782017-03-29T11:03:00.002+01:002017-03-29T13:53:55.323+01:00Just out: The Hermeneutics of the Urban Spatial Sociologies of Simmel, Benjamin and Lefebvre by Andy Zieleniec<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Dr <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/staff/andyzieleniec/" target="_blank">Andy Zieleniec</a>, Lecturer in <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/aboutus/aboutsociology/" target="_blank">Sociology</a> and Programme Director for Liberal Arts has a chapter included in a new publication. This is part of his ongoing interdisciplinary research into various aspects of the interface between space, culture and society.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">The
Hermeneutics of the Urban Spatial Sociologies of Simmel, Benjamin and Lefebvre in
Janz, B. (ed.) (2017) Place, Space and Hermeneutics, Springer</span></span></span></b></div>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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</span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 150%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptGrtSzurMg/WNuGZwyZIpI/AAAAAAAAAFs/FkAF3czfxNoehYSzBi68dhu6j3UPp4-VACLcB/s1600/Andy%2Bbook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ptGrtSzurMg/WNuGZwyZIpI/AAAAAAAAAFs/FkAF3czfxNoehYSzBi68dhu6j3UPp4-VACLcB/s320/Andy%2Bbook.jpg" width="195" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Sociology
as a discipline has a long history of hermeneutic approaches to understanding
the complexity of interpreting meanings and actions. However, there is less
emphasis on the contribution of sociologists to theories of space and spatial
theories. Social life takes place and is shaped and moulded not only by actions
but the meanings and values that are attached through everyday life and
practice in, through and to space. This chapter will provide a discursive
introduction to the works of three seminal sociologists whose theories and
analysis explicitly address the spatial dimensions of social interaction, of
socio-spatial formations, of the impact and influence of the social production
of space. That is, the works of Georg Simmel (the first ‘sociologist of
space’), of Walter Benjamin (social and cultural critic of the city of
modernity) and of Henri Lefebvre (the major influence in the spatial turn of
the social sciences). Whilst I do not claim that any or all of these theorists
would have identified themselves with an explicitly hermeneutic approach,
philosophy or method a hermeneutic analysis can be applied to their works to
elucidate the practical application of their insights and perspectives. Taking
space seriously is not only important for the social and human sciences but
also for understanding space as an essential element of hermeneutic practice.
Each of these theorists has an explicit focus on the city and the urban which
can be treated hermeneutically as a text-analogue. That is, from the social,
cultural and historical context in which we are situated we can seek to
interpret and understand these theorists of space and spatial theories to
analyse and explain the similarities and differences, the continuities and
contrasts with our own urban times, experiences, spaces and places. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: 150%;">
</span></b></span></span></div>
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JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-31091450396469854662017-03-29T10:02:00.001+01:002017-03-29T10:02:27.018+01:00Studying Abroad: a semester in the USA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="font-size: large;"><i>In this post, Daryl, one of our second year students, reflects on his semeter spent at Loyola University, USA. More information on the study abroad programme for year two students at Keele can be found <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/ugcourses/sociology/#tabs-18" target="_blank">here</a>. Our single honours students have the opportunity to apply for an optional year abroad, as part of a four year degree programme. </i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-olas7pHPDC0/WNJdi1SD_OI/AAAAAAAAAa4/y1bCFfPemlE85Ko3Pv0nLHFFQlHmEZamACLcB/s1600/daryl1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-olas7pHPDC0/WNJdi1SD_OI/AAAAAAAAAa4/y1bCFfPemlE85Ko3Pv0nLHFFQlHmEZamACLcB/s200/daryl1.jpg" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Loyola University</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Hello all, my name's Daryl and I study English and
Sociology at Keele. For my study abroad experience I travelled to New Orleans, Louisiana
for a semester at Loyola University, a Jesuit university. At first I was only
interested in studying in either Canada or continental Europe but my love of
Southern Literature and Jazz got the best better of me. On top of that I did
want to go somewhere that would be very different from England, and the Deep
South seemed different enough to fit the bill.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hwk3ERvohtM/WNJd98oLLWI/AAAAAAAAAa8/EuPVRZzxD8Ajl0lqPZFlhj_2oMRuXppFwCLcB/s1600/darly2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="216" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-hwk3ERvohtM/WNJd98oLLWI/AAAAAAAAAa8/EuPVRZzxD8Ajl0lqPZFlhj_2oMRuXppFwCLcB/s320/darly2.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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Sligo </b></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">I
met some wonderful people during my studies. The Americans I met were friendly,
intelligent, creative and very aspirational: I often wondered where they got
their energy from to do all the tasks they set themselves. Most were members of
sororities or fraternities (more of a commitment than you may think). They’d have
several jobs, find time to do recreational activities and submit work by their deadlines! Needless
to say, for some of the international students in order to keep up caffeine was
in constant supply and consumption. I ended up not trying to keep up socially
with the Americans or the international students. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3FbsNpmsG4g/WNJd-lPkX2I/AAAAAAAAAbI/LWRbfiEISC8cE56TZl9PGzRi3ZcmGHUDQCEw/s1600/daryl3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="264" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3FbsNpmsG4g/WNJd-lPkX2I/AAAAAAAAAbI/LWRbfiEISC8cE56TZl9PGzRi3ZcmGHUDQCEw/s320/daryl3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jefferson Square</b></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;">I suppose what I'm trying to say is try
not to assume that your study abroad experience will necessarily be a breeze.
Of course, I hope it will be but you will need to work also, and American Universities,
or at least Loyola specifically, have a tendency to pile work on onto their
students. You may be much better at keeping up with the workload than me, and this
will givey ou enough time to get out and familiarise yourself more with your
surroundings,wherever you choose to study. And I certainly hope you do. <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l750I-jf5z4/WNJd_Ti1hCI/AAAAAAAAAbI/7bP5Wbbx1dQg1cvPfyz0TMtW6i1zre2aQCEw/s1600/daryl4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-l750I-jf5z4/WNJd_Ti1hCI/AAAAAAAAAbI/7bP5Wbbx1dQg1cvPfyz0TMtW6i1zre2aQCEw/s320/daryl4.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The famous beignets!</b></div>
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Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-52972107986755583662017-03-15T10:18:00.002+00:002017-03-15T10:18:43.920+00:00Is media Westernizing Iraqi gender culture?<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 150%;">Keele Sociology PhD student, </span></span></span></i><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i>Hamdi
Malik, discusses media, gender, and identity in post-Saddam Iraq...</i></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ry90ASqWso4/WMkUw69C84I/AAAAAAAAAFY/fjk846bAPGAJFkNVQEmJQltRISp6Rqf4wCLcB/s1600/blog%2Bphoto.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ry90ASqWso4/WMkUw69C84I/AAAAAAAAAFY/fjk846bAPGAJFkNVQEmJQltRISp6Rqf4wCLcB/s320/blog%2Bphoto.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photo courtesy of Ghassan Malik</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">I recently submitted my PhD thesis,
which investigates media and gender in post-Saddam Iraq. Since the US-led
invasion of 2003, Iraq has been in the news frequently. Terrorist attacks on
soft targets such as street markets, the Islamic State’s occupation of vast
swathes of the country, and the refugee crisis, are the main stories that are
featured in the media. <span> </span>Sometimes Iraq is
also on the news when discussing energy markets. During these years, academic debate
has also mainly focused on these ‘mega issues’, such as questions related to the
way the US and its allies set to invade the country in 2003 or the legality of
this war. The invasion was a grand event, for sure. It changed the face of Iraqi
society and started a new era for the country. But, the regime change that was
dubbed ‘liberation’ did not bring stability and prosperity, as was promised. As
a result of the war, many aspects of social life in Iraq changed for the worse.
The aftermath was a chaos that disturbed the very fabric of society. A rise in
different forms of violence, the degradation of an already damaged
infrastructure, the intensification of sectarian divisions, etcetera, are all
widely viewed as a direct result of this ‘liberation’. Thus, it is understandable
that media and academia focus their attention on these aspects of Iraqi
society. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">For me, however, this
was not enough. My personal curiosity as well as my media activities turned me into
a person who closely follows social, political and economic developments of
Iraq. In the midst of all the blood and destruction, I could sense other important
developments. These were developments that seemed important to me, yet did not
attract much academic attention. For example, the re-emergence of a large
middle class stratum that almost vanished as a result of harsh economic
sanctions in the 90s was surely an important development. The rise of a
consumer culture as a result of liberal economic policies was an interesting
one, too. The opening up of a media environment that was more open and global
than before was also one of these striking developments. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Under the previous
regime, Iraq had the most restricted media environment in the region; one similar
to today’s North Korea. After the invasion and in a matter of months this
environment was transformed dramatically and became one of the most open media
environment in the whole region. I became interested in the impact this would
have on Iraqi society at this point in time. Following the developments of
media in Iraq, I realised that the ‘influence’ of Western media is something
that Iraqis are worried about. Gender culture and family values, in particular,
are viewed to be under threat from the ‘impact’ of Western media<span class="MsoBookTitle">. The assumption here is that sexualised media content, and
also the increasingly privatised nature of media technologies, are contributing
towards the transformation of gender culture, particularly turning Iraqi women
into Western women, and estranging them from their genuine Iraqi identity. Iraqi
gender culture is deeply patriarchal, and operates significantly through the
control of women’s sexuality in family life. Any kind of pre-marital,
extra-marital and post-marital sexual contact by women will damage their male
kin’s reputation and violate their honour. In order to keep their reputation
and honour intact, men are expected to monitor their female kin’s sexual
activities. Through this patriarchal culture, men exert influence on almost
every aspect of their female kin’s lives, including the implementation of sex
segregation and dress codes guided specifically through notions of modest
clothing (e.g. hijab). A state of prevalent sexual double-standards gives men
the right to restrict their female kin’s sexual contact to that of husbands
only. </span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="MsoBookTitle">The
interviewees who participated in my research believed that the media, and
particularly, what is seen as sexually permissive Western media contents, encourages
women to engage in sexual activities that are not compatible with Iraqi
cultural values, turning them to Western women who are seen, to say the least, as
not sexually prudent. The internet is also seen as a negative force, allowing
women to bypass the restrictions set by men and to establish sexual contact not
compatible with the local gender culture. In addition, the opening up of the media
has also given a more public voice to pro-equality narratives that are
disseminated by women’s rights organisations, encouraging Iraqi women to rebel
against local cultural values. </span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="MsoBookTitle">My
research demonstrates that although the media provides windows of opportunities
for Iraqi women to distance themselves from prevalent patriarchal rules that
control their sexuality, the ‘realities’ of local life have not allowed for the
Westernisation of gender relations in post-Saddam Iraq. Iraqi men tend to
restrict their female kin’s access to media through strategies such as banning
access to some media technologies, and censoring what women are allowed to
watch and also through constant monitoring of their female kin’s media
activity. The research also found that due to resistance to these restrictions
from some women, and also the ubiquitous nature of modern media, these
strategies are not always successful, resulting in domestic conflict and
violence against women. However, it is important to bear in mind that this is
not a simple and binary structure, where men as a group of people supress women,
using brute force. Rather, this is a hegemonic structure, i.e. there is a
degree of complicity among women themselves when it comes to views about sexuality,
the contemporary media, and approval of men’s rights to determine for their
female kin. This happens partly due to the fact that Iraqi patriarchy is
supported by patriarchal sites such as culture, where religious and tribal
values and codes promote this dominant gender culture. Through cultural values
that are deeply respected by Iraqi people (including women), patriarchy is
sustained. This is one of the reasons why the Iraqi patriarchy is so resistant.</span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="MsoBookTitle">Events,
such as the regime change in Iraq in 2003, have the effect of bringing change to
many aspects of a society in a very short period of time. However, to transform
old, established, and deeply ingrained cultural values and practises usually
takes much longer. This is not to say that Iraqi patriarchy will never change
and that an open media environment cannot play a role in shaping such
transformation. But in order for such a change to happen, many other social structures
need to be transformed along the way, too.</span><span class="MsoBookTitle"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Hamdi
Malik has recently submitted his PhD thesis entitled: Media, Gender and
Domestic Relations in Post-Saddam Iraq</b></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-32290085536691946602017-03-08T14:09:00.001+00:002017-03-09T09:39:12.601+00:00The right to write the city: Lefebvre and graffiti by Andrzej Zieleniec<!--[if !mso]>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>In this post, <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/sspp/people/staff/andyzieleniec/" target="_blank">Dr Andrzej Zieleniec</a> reflects on one of his recent publictions</i> </span></b></div>
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and graffiti</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">New
article in Environnement Urbain / <a href="https://eue.revues.org/" target="_blank">Urban Environment</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Volume
10 | 2016 "Whose right to the city?/Le droit à la ville, pour qui?" </span></div>
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<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0_DD6_PDuFo/WMEiSvK7QgI/AAAAAAAAAag/GEgV_E8tKtcf0NQIRY6ZLuY3eSXRmbOHwCLcB/s1600/blog%2Bmarch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-0_DD6_PDuFo/WMEiSvK7QgI/AAAAAAAAAag/GEgV_E8tKtcf0NQIRY6ZLuY3eSXRmbOHwCLcB/s320/blog%2Bmarch.jpg" width="302" /></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Modern
graffiti has become a universal urban phenomenon, an almost ubiquitous feature
of towns and cities across the world. It can be found as a common manifestation
of urban culture in most urban landscapes. This paper situates the practice and
production of graffiti within various urban contexts (aesthetic, political,
economic, social and semiotic) through the seminal works of Henri Lefebvre on
the production of space and the right to the city as a means for analysing and
understanding the complexity of the modern urban. It is argued that there is a
need to understand and appreciate that space is made not only by planners,
designers, architects and urban government but also by those who make space
social by their use and activities in and on it. </span></div>
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gfnSBogSdpQ/WMEijtZqv2I/AAAAAAAAAak/r3AAat6-2qoq6iUyYO0Fo9ug_io1qEUcQCLcB/s1600/blog%2Bmarch2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-gfnSBogSdpQ/WMEijtZqv2I/AAAAAAAAAak/r3AAat6-2qoq6iUyYO0Fo9ug_io1qEUcQCLcB/s320/blog%2Bmarch2.jpg" width="128" /></a><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
article contextualizes and explores graffiti’s role in challenging and
contesting the socio-spatial norms of increasingly privatized and commodified
public and social space and argues that we can and perhaps should ‘read’
graffiti as a creative means for reclaiming and remaking the city as a ‘right’
to make and use a more humane and just, social space. </span></div>
Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-5895821660048979052017-03-08T13:22:00.001+00:002017-03-08T13:22:58.195+00:00Undergrad Sociology trip to the People’s History Museum<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Last Wednesday students from Keele’s Sociology undergraduate
programme took a field trip to the People’s History Museum in Manchester. The
museum boasts an incredibly large collection of historical artefacts –
including some impressive protest and union banners – relating to the history
of social movements in Britain.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From the chartists to the formation of trade unions, the
feminist movements of the 19<sup>th</sup> century and the 20<sup>th</sup>
century to the LGBTQ movements of the last 50 years, the museum has incorporated a
large array of social struggles into a broad set of historical narrative(s)
that told the story of our social progress (even if, as sociologists, we might
argue that we’ve still got a long way to go!). </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our experience of the museum was aided by a tour which elaborated on the histories of some of the museum's key artefacts. The tour used the contextual details offered by these objects to render the last 200 years of social change into a coherent and digestible
whole. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Keele Sociology students on their the tour of the People's History Museum</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">For the students the trip provided the opportunity to
visualise and, as many of them said, “experience” histories which have had a
profound impact upon contemporary British society. Above all, the trip was a way of
broadening their learning experience, using the People’s History Museum as a
further opportunity to contextualise topics they explore in their undergraduate
programme within the many histories they have inherited. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">As Sociology undergrad, Louise Whitehouse, put it ‘the
subjects covered in the museum form part of some of the direct teaching on a few
of my modules, such as the Orgreave battle, the readings I have done linked
really well seeing the exhibits and I found I could understand why it is
important to study social issues, seeing the changes people are able to enact
when those without power organise and stand up for rights and the betterment of
everyone.’</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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</span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Similarly Scott Leach, a first year undergraduate, welcomed
the opportunity to learn about ‘the paths people actually took to claim
democracy and the impacts they had after that.’ </span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
JBowsherhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05921823341835433453noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-63661731186933757722017-03-08T10:17:00.000+00:002017-03-08T10:18:27.348+00:00Transnational Education event at Keele - call for abstracts<span style="font-size: large;"><i>Our colleagues in Education at Keele are organising this one-day seminar - deadline for abstracts is Friday 10th March</i></span><br />
<br />
<h2>
Transnational education at a juncture: Sociological futures post-Brexit</h2>
<h2>
</h2>
<h2>
<span class="first-para">A BSA Early Career Forum Event</span></h2>
<i> </i> <br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">2 May 2017<br />Keele University, UK - <a href="https://www.keele.ac.uk/findus/maps/Keele_campus_guide_colour.pdf" target="_blank" title="Link to Keele University campus map.">Campus Map</a></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">To what extent can the symbolic capital of a British degree continue to travel across space, post-Brexit?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Within the complex modes of mobilities of transnational education
(TNE), will Brexit trigger new or stifle current forms of mobilities?
Should there be a theoretical re-definition of the mobilities within
TNE? If yes, how?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">What are the embodied experiences of TNE institutional agents and the students in situ?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">In relation to Early Career Researchers who are engaged in TNE
teaching and research, to what extent might their career / research
trajectories be impacted by the uncertainties/opportunities brought
about by Brexit?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">To what extent are the TNE students’/academics’ interests represented?</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">Nearly one in every three students of UK’s universities is a TNE
student, i.e. they earn their British degrees while they are partially
or entirely based in a different country from the UK. In 2012, the UK’s
TNE export amounted to £18 billion, with a projected increase to £30
billion by 2020 (HEGlobal, 2016). However, the recent events of Brexit
seem to have brought this into question, raising practical, empirical
and theoretical concerns.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">This one-day seminar seeks to serve as a platform for these questions
to be debated and to make important theoretical, empirical and
methodological contributions to TNE as manifest in the cogent
disciplines of sociology, anthropology, human geography, education,
political science and others.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">We are delighted to announce our keynote speakers:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Dr Johanna Waters</b>, University of Oxford</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Professor Catherine Montgomery</b>, University of Bath</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Call for abstracts</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">We invite both established and early-career (including postgraduate)
researchers who would like to present at the event to submit titles and
abstracts of max. 250 words. In your abstract, please tell us about how
your research contributes to one or more of the above questions.
Abstracts will be used as the basis for a selection for a special issue.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Travel Bursaries</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">Two bursaries (£150 each) are available for early career researchers,
including PhD students and PhD holders not in established positions. To
apply, send a one-page CV and a statement of interest of no more than
200 words to the organisers.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Deadline for abstract submission/travel bursary application: <b>10 March 2017</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">Presenters/bursary winners will be notified by 24 March 2017</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">For more information or to submit an abstract, or apply for travel bursaries please email <a href="mailto:l.xu@keele.ac.uk;r.gholami@keele.ac.uk?subject=BSA%20Early%20Career%20Forum:%20Transnational%20Education%20post-Brexit" title="Email Cora Lingling Xu and Reza Gholami.">Cora Lingling Xu</a> and <a href="mailto:l.xu@keele.ac.uk;r.gholami@keele.ac.uk?subject=BSA%20Early%20Career%20Forum:%20Transnational%20Education%20post-Brexit" title="Email Cora Lingling Xu and Reza Gholami.">Reza Gholami</a> using 'BSA Early Career Forum: Transnational Education post-Brexit' in the subject line. Details of this event can be viewed on the <a href="https://www.britsoc.co.uk/events/key-bsa-events/transnational-education-at-a-juncture-sociological-futures-post-brexit/" target="_blank">BSA pages</a>. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">Registration</span></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;">
</span><span style="font-size: large;">Registration costs £10 for BSA members and £25 for non-members, and will open from 17 March 2017.</span>Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-22629430658125739432017-03-01T11:23:00.000+00:002017-03-01T11:24:25.916+00:00Call for papers: Ethnicities, Counter-Publics, Appropriation and Social Media<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 27px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<i>Here are details of a symposium organised by our colleagues in Media, Communications and Culture</i>. </div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 27px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
A one-day symposium at Keele University.</div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 27px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Date: 8<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>June 2017</b></div>
<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Lato, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-style: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-weight: 300; letter-spacing: normal; margin: 0px 0px 27px; orphans: 2; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;">
Abstract Submission<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">deadline: 14<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> March 2017</b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Call for abstracts</b></div>
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In two of the big political shocks of 2016, the UK EU referendum result and Donald Trump’s election to President of the US, social media was, and continues to be, a battleground for disseminating contending versions of reality. Immigration has been a key topic of populist rhetoric and has promoted a narrative that seeks to blame and marginalise ethnic groups in both countries. This has occurred after major flash points, including the events themselves, but also as a continuing campaign of hate to gain support for right-wing politics and groups. Minority groups – Muslims in particular – have been targeted following significant terrorist attacks but these high profile campaigns also attract counter-discourse and tactics of appropriation by activist groups. Much has been written about the affordances of social media and their potential (and limitations) for activists. Yet whilst an emerging body of work has explored the relationship between ethnicity and social media, this has tended to focus on specific platforms (Jackson 2016; Rambukanna 2015) and contexts (Magdy et al 2015). More research is thus needed into the use-patterns and meanings of online campaigns to minority groups, in a rapidly changing political environment. For instance: Where does hate-speech derive from and who is circulating it? How is it countered and appropriated by online activists? Who represents minority groups in these digital spaces, and are there tensions between different forms of representation?</div>
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This symposium is funded by a British Academy research project which aims to explore some of these questions in relation to the #StopIslam campaign which has attracted considerable support but equally resulted in a profusion of counter-narratives, defending Muslims. We are interested in this form of ‘conflicting engagement’ with media environments, which result from the ‘unequal, unstable […] qualities of interconnection across difference’ (Tsing 2005: 4). The symposium seeks, therefore, to examine the dynamics of representation and self-representation online, and we particularly welcome papers that focus on<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">critical</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>questions about<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span><i style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: italic; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">social media</i><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>such as the social and cultural dynamics of online activism.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Proposals are sought in the following (and other relevant areas):</b></div>
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<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Representations/self-representation of ethnic minority groups online</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Discursive constructions in social media</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Digital activism/ online campaigns both supporting and attacking ethnic minority groups</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cases of discursive appropriation online</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Counter-narratives, (networked) counter-public mobilisations</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Digital protest cultures/ social movements/ resistance politics</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Citizen media for social change</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Online identity politics</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Relationship between traditional mainstream media and digital activism</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Far-right ideologies, ‘post-truth’, and minority groups.</li>
<li style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Methods for analysing social media content</li>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Speakers:</b></div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dr Ed de Quincey, Dr Eva Giraud and Dr Elizabeth Poole</b></div>
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Computer Science and Media, Communications and Culture, Keele University</div>
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Dr de Quincey’s work is in the area of online human behaviour and using social media as a source for Big Data research, Dr Giraud writes on the relationship between politics and digital media, particularly online activism, and Elizabeth Poole is an expert on the representation of Muslims and author of ‘Representing Islam: British Muslims in the British Press’.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dr Pollyanna Ruiz</b></div>
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Film and Media, Sussex University</div>
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Dr Ruiz is an expert in digital protest cultures and author of ‘Articulating Dissent in the Public Sphere’.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Dr Dima Saber</b></div>
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Birmingham School of Media, Birmingham City University</div>
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Dr Saber is an expert in Nationalism, political Islam, propaganda in the Arab world, and media for social change.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Please submit a 150 – 250 word abstract and any queries to Alina Andras at:</b></div>
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<a href="mailto:counterpublics2017@keele.ac.uk" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #bd1818; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;">counterpublics2017@keele.ac.uk</a></div>
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The deadline for abstract proposals is Tuesday 14<sup style="border: 0px; bottom: 1ex; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.8125em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 0px; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">th</sup> March 2017.</div>
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The symposium is free for speakers (excluding travel expenses) and funded by the British Academy/The Leverhulme Trust.</div>
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The organising committee will select papers for a special issue on Ethnicities, Counter-publics, Appropriation and Social Media in two peer-reviewed journals; one is the open access online journal for the Open Library of Humanities and another, a high-profile Media Journal, currently under negotiation.</div>
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Best wishes,</div>
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Alina Andras, Ed de Quincey, Eva Giraud, Elizabeth Poole (Keele University)</div>
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Conference Team</div>
Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-5479004625364544102017-01-23T09:07:00.000+00:002017-01-23T09:07:45.213+00:00Leverhulme project launch - Undocumented Young People in the USA, Political Activism and CitizenshipBy Ala Sirriyeh<br />
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In September 2015 I visited Los Angeles to conduct <a data-mce-href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/2017/01/17/first-blog-post/" href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/2017/01/17/first-blog-post/">some research</a> about the undocumented youth movement for a book I have been writing about emotions and immigration policy. While I was there I began working on a bid for a Leverhulme Research Fellowship to develop some of this work further. Through meeting with activists and academics I learned more about the inspiring work that had been taking place over the last decade within the undocumented youth movement. It was also while I was in LA that I watched Donald Trump set out his anti-immigration platform in televised debates with other Republican presidential hopefuls. This month I began work on the 13 month Leverhulme Research Fellowship that was a result of that bid developed in LA. Meanwhile, as I write this post, I reflect on the fact that in a few hours Donald Trump will be sworn in as the 45<sup>th</sup> president of the United States after fighting a campaign that was centred on a virulent anti-immigrant rhetoric. More than ever I’m thinking about how people can and do resist the hostile and exclusionary immigration policies that seem to be such a central and enduring feature of contemporary politics. In this post I’ll briefly set out what I’m going to be working on over the next few months during the project.<br />
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In this project I will be exploring undocumented young people’s pathways through political activism and how this has shaped and been shaped by their understandings and experiences of ‘citizenship. In the early 2000s the undocumented youth movement emerged through a campaign for the DREAM Act, which, if passed, would have provided a pathway to citizenship for <em>some</em> undocumented young people who had arrived in the USA as children. Despite considerable political support for the DREAM Act, the legislation has failed to be passed several times, most recently in 2010. However, facing ongoing pressures to do something for these young people, in 2012 President Obama issued an executive order called the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). This has given 714, 546 undocumented young people a temporary 2-year renewable deferral on deportation (Zong and Baracova 2016). As documented recently in the Twitter hashtag #WithDaca, DACA has enabled recipients to attend college, work and build their careers, get driving licences and have considerably more freedom to go about their everyday life in many other ways. This is now in jeopardy as during his presidential campaign Trump vowed that he would end Obama’s executive orders, including DACA.<br />
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Over the years since the undocumented youth movement began it has become increasingly more autonomous and youth-led (Nicholls 2013). Meanwhile, following critiques of exclusionary aspects of the ‘Dreamer’ messaging (based on the innocent, contributing, ‘all American kid’ narrative), there has been an evolution in campaign messaging and a shift in some of the movement’s key priorities and goals. There is now greater recognition of heterogenous identities within the undocumented population and the particular experiences of, for example, queer and black undocumented people (Terriquez 2015). There is also increased focus on defending communities against detention and deportation (Patler and Gonzales 2015) and critiquing the criminal justice system, rather than prioritising a campaign for citizenship for those who are most able to enact the conditionalities required for this.<br />
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Through a southern California case study (interviewing undocumented young activists), I will be examining young activists’ narratives of entry into, and pathways through, political activism. I will explore how their understandings and experiences of citizenship shape, and are shaped by, political activism in the movement. This study looks beyond formal, legal and nation-state notions of citizenship and, instead, is informed by the ‘acts of citizenship’ theoretical approach (Isin2008). This approach examines how citizenship is mediated between lived experiences and formal entitlements by focussing on moments when, regardless of status, people constitute themselves as citizens. This enables us to consider how people define citizenship and how people enact citizenship and ‘become claimants of rights and responsibilities, under surprising conditions’ (Isin 2008: 17).<br />
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<strong>More specifically these are the objectives of the study:</strong> To explore how and why young people became involved in the undocumented youth movement and pathways through the movement, including groups/streams of the movement they became active in (e.g. undocuqueer, undocublack, campus or community based groups). <strong>2)</strong> To examine young activists’ normative understandings of the concept of ‘citizenship’ and what it means to act and be recognised as a ‘citizen’. <strong>3)</strong> To explore how identities and experiences they bring into the movement and their understandings of ‘citizenship’ have shaped their pathway of political activism within the movement. <strong>4)</strong> To assess how their experiences within the movement have shaped their understandings of citizenship and the extent to which they regard themselves as acting as, and being, citizens….and now….<strong>5)</strong> To examine how the election of Donald Trump is shaping young people’s current engagement with political activism.<br />
<br />
Restrictive immigration and citizenship policies across the Global North mean that young people who arrived in the 90s and 2000s during a growth in international migration have grown up into adulthood in these nation states yet legally remain ‘noncitizens’. This study will, I hope, produce insights on how and why undocumented young people became, and could become, politically mobilised in the USA. However potential insights for other Global North countries, such as the UK, which share <em>some</em> similar contexts (restrictive immigration policies, populations of young people with precarious immigration statuses). I would like to develop knowledge about facilitators and barriers to political participation and what opportunities and impacts such inclusion has on young people’s sense of citizenship and belonging. The grant also incorporates a workshop which will be held towards the end of the fellowship and will be organised for academic and non-academic stakeholders, focussing on race, migration, young people’s contemporary political activism in the USA and UK. (Please do get in touch if you like to be involved and have ideas about what you would like this to include!) This will be used to share the study findings and enable participants to explore the relationship between citizenship and political action and both existing and potential transnational links between young activists across these two states.<br />
<br />
I will be <a data-mce-href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/blog/" href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/blog/">blogging</a> about the project and more broadly on the topics of immigration, refugees and young people. You will also be able to find publications and other outputs from this and other projects on my new <a data-mce-href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/" href="https://inhabitingborders.wordpress.com/">website</a> (please bear with me as I add some more content to this over the next few weeks). Please do get in touch if you would like to find out more and have a chat. Contact: a.sirriyeh@keele.ac.uk Twitter: @AlaSirriyeh.<br />
<b></b><i></i><u></u><sub></sub><sup></sup><strike></strike><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-3044665363998980302016-11-15T00:15:00.002+00:002016-11-15T10:20:59.842+00:00The Meaning of Donald Trump<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">By Mark Featherstone</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Like many people I have spent the last four or five days
trying to make sense of the result of the American election. In thinking
through the fantastical result I found myself asking two inter-related
questions. My first question was, how could Trump win, when Clinton appeared a
racing certainty up to the very day of the election. My second question
concerned what a Trump presidency would mean for America, but also the global
consensus that had existed around the neoliberal capitalist orthodoxy since at
least the late 1980s. In answering these two inter-connected questions, I would
suggest that first, too many pollsters and experts were caught under the spell
of history, where what normally happens will continue to happen, and under-estimated
the deep disconnect between vast numbers of people and the social, political,
and economic system which has governed their lives for so long. In short, and I
would suggest the same problem was behind the Brexit decision, the election result
reflected the fact that people no longer <i>believe</i>
in the model of capitalism that has governed from Thatcher and Reagan, through
Clinton, Bush, and Blair, up to Obama and Cameron. In this way the problem with
Clinton was that she came to represent
the death of the system, the figure who emerged to defend what was no longer
really defensible, and has in a way already passed over into history. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">But if this lack of belief, or what the French writer
Bernard Stiegler calls dis-belief, explains the <i>how</i> of Trump, what about the <i>what</i>
of Trump? <i>What</i> does Trump mean for
the future? I think that the answer to this (related) question of the <i>what</i> of Trump is that he will probably
accelerate the revolutionary change taking place across the western world. Under
conditions where the neoliberal consensus no longer holds, I think the answer
to this second question is, therefore, that Trump will effectively mean the end
of the kind of globalisation we have lived with certainly since the end of the
Cold War. From my point of view, Trump can only signal further division, the end of consensus,
and the end of coherence, even if the kind of coherence which has ruled since
the fall of the Berlin Wall has been one characterised by inequality and
division. In this respect, we might wonder whether it is possible to say that
Trump will be a force for good? Anything is possible (herein resides the
utopian potential of Trump articulated by Slavoj Zizek), but my sense is that
the problem with the vision of change he articulated throughout his campaign is
that it was quite clearly premised on escape from the neoliberal consensus
through violence against and destruction of others. Against the global
capitalist system, then, Trump imagines a state of war, whether this is inter-
or intra-state, which is precisely the opposite of what needs to occur.
Inequalities, divisions, and exploitation need to decrease in a coordinated
manner, rather than increase in the name of some radical nationalist attempt to
escape from the violence of globalisation. The danger of the latter approach is
that it will lead to ever more violence, ever more war, and that the only way
out of this will be through some kind of apocalyptic event that will result in the
emergence of a more just society based on the imperative to survive. This
apocalyptic scenario is, in a sense, where Zizek’s view leads.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In light of this reading of the hopelessness of Trump’s
vision of the future, which is clearly self-evident to those who have
criticised him for his racism, sexism, and violent bullying of everybody who
opposes him, it is surprising that the question of the <i>what</i> of Trump has become <i>the</i>
question of the last few days. But it seems to me that the powerful attraction
of this question comes from a general dis-belief that Trump could ever follow
through on his violent promises. Surely he could not really build a wall
between America and Mexico or ban Muslims from entering the land of the free? Surely
this vision of America, which resembles something Philip K. Dick might have
imagined in his paranoid science fiction, could never really happen? Of course,
the problem with taking this line – he could never really follow through on what he said –
is that it runs counter to Trump’s very appeal. Why vote Trump? Vote for Trump
because he says exactly what he thinks, regardless of how violent or
exclusionary. Trump says whatever is on his mind. Even though analysis of the
presidential debates found that a good deal of what he said was untrue, there
is a sense in which Trump’s appeal resides in his willingness to tell people
straight. Against the post-politics of Clinton, which were clearly based upon
the Blair / Bush model of political communication, where one says one thing (we
want equality blah blah blah), does something completely different, and the
spins the difference so that nothing effectively means anything, what is new
about Trump’s model of politics is that it appears absolutely naïve. There is
no cynicism, where there is a hidden disconnect between words, thoughts, and
behaviour - which is, I think, what made Clinton appear so absolutely
untrustworthy - because nobody could cynically calculate to win an election on
the basis of so much racism, sexism, and general abuse. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">In this respect Trump appears entirely naïve and
attractive to those who have grown weary of the same old story, but it is also,
I would suggest, this radical naivety, where he says exactly what he thinks,
that has led to the absolute uncertainty around his programme of action. The
very fact of his naivety, what we might call the terror of Trump, means that he
is entirely unbearable and has to become unbelievable. There must be something
else? The question of Trump that emerged very quickly after the election was,
therefore, whether the Trump who won the election would be replaced by a new,
more moderate, Trump who will govern and effectively tow the party line. In
this vision the old order, where we rubbed along in our inequality, division,
and barely sublimated hatred will continue into the future.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Why the sudden uncertainty about the identity of Trump,
then? The answer to the question of the emergence of the radical
undecideability of the new president, which effectively suggests that there is
more to Trump than meets the eye, is that it has very quickly become necessary
to fall back on the fiction of a moderate Trump in the name of finding a way to
absorb the terrible absurdity of the election result. This conservative vision
of Trump, where the absolute transparency of <i>The Donald</i> gives way to the idea of the schizoid political
manipulator, the ultimate Machiavellian player, found its ultimate form in the
comments of the tech entrepreneur Peter Thiel who explained that the mainstream’s
problem with Trump is that it took him literally, but not seriously. In other
words, the mainstream believed everything he said and therefore imagined he was
an idiot who could not be taken seriously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Against this, Thiel suggests that what we needed to do
was take Trump seriously, but not literally. In this way, we needed to
recognise his broad message concerning the anger, disenchantment, and general
hopelessness of America, but discount the specifics of his message – build
walls, ban Muslims and so on. There is, however, a serious problem with this
view, which casts Trump as perhaps the ultimate post-modern politician, which
is that it begs the question of exactly what Americans were voting for when
they voted from him, if they could not believe the <i>content</i> of the words that came out of his mouth? If what mattered
was the <i>form</i> of his language –
violence, anger, hopelessness and so on – then what was everything else?
Grandstanding? Babbling? In light of this, we would have to conclude that Trump
has no real programme, beyond a negative reaction to the system collapse of the
global social and economic order. What he does have, however, is what Freudian
psychoanalysts call drive, which is the nasty, violent, energy that keeps us
alive, and prepares us for the struggle to survive the state of nature, but which we must
sublimate (channel through reason) in order to live in social groups where we
have to recognise the humanity of other people in order to avoid the descent
into a state of open warfare where nobody wins. It seems to me that it is this
very basic code, which social and political theorists would understand in terms
of the Hobbesian social contract that has underpinned the way we think about
society since the birth of the modern age, that Trump undermines in his violent
rhetoric that pits Nixon’s silent majority (white America) against all others. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">If this is the case, then, the problem of Thiel’s
position, which seeks to soften Trump, to rehabilitate him by suggesting that
he’s not really so bad, is that it distracts from the gravity of the threat
Trump poses. For Thiel Trump is a deeply ironic, we might say Derridean,
figure. In his view Trump’s absolutely transparency – he says exactly what he thinks
and what he wants – is a symbol of his infinite depths – which means that we have
no idea about his real programme. But I think that this is an illusion, the
illusion of depth, generated by the absolute self-identical nature of the
president elect. This is the real horror. The horror of a lack of depth. There really
is nothing more to see and if the programme set out in his presidential
campaign was violent, racist, sexist, abusive and ultimately unrealistic there
is no need to look for some deeper significance. As Doug Kellner explains in
his account of the rise of Trump, where he reads him through the Frankfurt
School’s critique of the Nazi personality, the president elect is probably
unpsychoanalysable, since his unconscious is already out there, unmediated by
social norms that modify normal behaviour. Reading Trump from a slightly different
perspective, Henry Giroux explains that we should not be surprised by the
result of the election. On the contrary, he tells us that America has the
president that it deserves, that Trump is a kind of symptom of a society
addicted to violence, that has hidden behind a liberal façade for too long, but
can no longer maintain the pretence. In this respect Trump is representative of the American
warfare state unleashed, free of the cynical liberal fantasy that conditioned
Obama’s America, but also, I would argue, the minimal belief in the value of
social norms and values that hold every society together. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">The precise problem with the brand of dark utopianism we
find in Trump, which was also present in the vote to Brexit, is that it
revolves around an aggressive desire for change which ultimately has no
positive objective or narrative arc. Instead, the dynamism of the revolution is
purely negative and feeds off rage, and the hatred of this, that, and the other
out group who are perceived to have taken what we need. But what next? What
happens after the destruction of the old system? In the case of Brexit we know
that there was no positive vision, no plan, and that Farage, Johnson, and Gove quickly faded
into the background. While there is no doubt that the Leave campaign was, like
Trump’s election, successful because it spoke to people struggling in a
destroyed society that needs to be reformed, the problem of the politics of
negativity, the politics of escape from the failure of neoliberal globalisation
to meet human needs, is that they similarly have no positive vision for the future. In
this respect, they remain trapped within the negativity of the moment and the
dystopic atmosphere of the present, where we fear social, economic, and
ecological collapse and essentially realise the terrible future through the
political choices we make today. In my view Trump is, therefore, a symbol of
the triumph of a kind of childish politics, a politics of acting out and acting
up, when acting out and acting up are not really an option. On the contrary, we
need to come up with something more positive, more constructive, more inclusive
and ultimately more workable in terms of building a sustainable future for everybody<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>, because today’s problems are global problems and they
cannot be solved by nationalist, protectionist, and unilateral solutions based
in a politics of confrontation and conflict. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
Markhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12585424172892441614noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-65808527661795040762016-10-07T12:09:00.000+01:002016-10-07T14:47:11.646+01:00What is Social Inequality?: Theresa May Thinking Social Relations<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">By</span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mark
Featherstone</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
the past I think it was more or less straightforward to discuss social inequality and
debate the pros and cons of inequalities of wealth, opportunity, and position
in society. While there were those who believed in the absolute value of
equality of wealth, opportunity, and treatment of individuals, others would
defend versions of inequality. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">So,
for example, one might suggest that it is unjust to insist upon (absolute or relative) equality of
wealth on the grounds that some people are more able than others and should be
rewarded on the basis of their talents. However, on the back of this defence of
inequality on the basis of ability, most would tend to agree, particularly in a
liberal democracy, that equality of opportunity is not only just, but also
necessary in a society that needs to allocate role by ability, rather than
inherited position. Although everybody would recognise the existence of class,
which effectively means historically produced advantage or disadvantage, the
aim of a just society should surely be to work towards equality of opportunity.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Regarding
inequality of treatment, most would agree that people should be treated fairly,
but understand the complications involved in achieving this in a society where
historically defined norms and values might mean that some need to be treated
more than equally in order to achieve some sense of fairness in an otherwise
unfair society. Of course, the rub here is that by treating some more than
equally in order to address historical unfairness others might feel
marginalised and poorly treated in comparison. The history of class, race, and gender
politics in Britain provides evidence of the complications involved in these
debates. Yet my sense is that in the past we generally understood what we meant
when we spoke of and wrote about social inequalities. I think that this has now
changed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Consider
Theresa May’s keynote speech at the Conservative Conference in Birmingham this
week, where she spoke of addressing social inequality. While I can understand
May’s attempt to appeal to the working classes from the point of view of political
strategy, because Conservatives through the 1980s were very effective in
finding ways to entice the working classes to vote them, what I find more
difficult to understand is the way the new Prime Minister employs the idea of
society, and beyond this social inequality. Let me explain why? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">When
Margaret Thatcher dissolved the idea of society in the 1980s – insisting that
there is no such thing as society, but only families and individuals – what she
achieved was the individualization of society. The idea here was that the
individual would no longer be held back by social forces or historical forms of
social identification and could make their own way in the world. On the basis
of her appeal to the working classes, through policies such as ‘Right to Buy’
(where social housing tenants could buy their property at a reduced price), Thatcher and the
Conservatives of the 1980s supported inequality of wealth on the basis of a
vision of democratic equality of opportunity. So, everybody could make it.
Regardless of whether or not this was true, and most sociologists would
probably dispute that this was ever the case because of the history of class,
patriarchy, and ethnic society, I think that British society from Thatcher
through Blair up to Cameron was sustained by this idea. For example, consider
the expansion of Higher Education. What was this about if not equality of
opportunity and life chances? While there is no sense that the British people from the late 1970s onwards believed or believe in equality of wealth (either absolute or also, I would suggest, relative), it is possible to argue that they remain committed to the value of equality of opportunity or what we call
meritocracy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Of
course, what happened through the Cameron years is that it became more and more
difficult to believe in the myth of the individual which essentially says that
you make your own future in society on the basis of your ability, attitude to
work and so on. Social forces have impacted upon people’s lives in such a way
that makes it more or less impossible to sustain the Thatcherite fantasy that
there is no such thing as society. It is clear that events taking place outside
of an individual’s immediate environment impact upon their situation. Alongside
this, it seems equally clear that these events do not impact upon everybody
equally, so some seem to benefit from particular events, while others suffer.
In recent years, and particularly since the global economic crash, it is
apparent that inequality has increased and that the rich have become richer and
the poor have become poorer. Despite what Cameron and Osborne told people,
there is a sense in which ‘we were not all in it together’. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In
recent social and economic history, then, we can say that the advantage of the
advantaged has increased and the disadvantage of the disadvantaged has been
reinforced. In other words, social mobility – how one moves through society –
and social opportunity – the chance one has to improve one’s situation – have
taken a hit and what we call social structure has become more rigid. Against
the social theorist, Zygmunt Bauman, who wrote of the liquid society in the late 1990s, we might
say that we now live in a society that is far more structured and tightly
defined than at any time since the 1980s when the credit based consumer society
really took off. Enter May’s stunning recognition of social inequality, which
sounds like it might have come straight out of the mouth of a Labour leader,
and proclamations about the Conservative Party being the party of the people.
Strategically and cynically there is no doubt that it makes sense for May to
take this turn, simply because she can no longer easily deny the reality of
vast social inequalities in Britain, but on the other hand I was shocked that a
Conservative Prime Minister would not seek to uphold the tradition of liberal
individualism, insist upon the importance of hard work and self-responsibility,
and essentially explain social inequality in terms of the individual problems
of the lazy, the scroungers, and those who apparently want something for
nothing. From a Conservative point of view, when you’re in trouble there’s only
one way out - pull your socks up and get on your bike.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">After
listening to May’s speech, which was no doubt written with one eye on taking
the ground of Corbyn and stealing the thunder of his socialism for the 21<sup>st</sup>
century, I think we have now entered a bizarre, surreal, world where the new
political consensus in British politics appears to be somewhere to the left of
the centre. Here, the kinds of social conditions sociologists write about critically,
and usually attack politicians for their failure to recognise and address, are
now mainstream truths. Of course, we would expect this of Corbyn, who has lived
on the fringes of the Labour Party for many years, but it is hard to understand
how a Conservative Prime Minister can speak of social inequalities. But is this
real? Does May know what she’s talking about when she talks about <i>social</i>
inequalities? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Since
she’s on the ground of the sociologist here, I think this is good place to
point out what she’s actually saying, which is not simply that there are some
rich people and some poor people and that we think the gap between the rich and
poor people might be a little too big, but rather that the wealth, privilege,
and position of the rich people has come about because of the poverty, lack of
opportunity, and abandonment of the poor and the disadvantaged. Or
alternatively, the reason things are the way they are for the majority, who are
struggling to make ends meet, is because we have an over-blown, exorbitant,
super rich class who have everything and refuse to pay their way to support the
less fortunate. This is what <i>social</i>
inequality really means. It means that wealth, poverty, advantage, and
disadvantage are not simply individual attributes, but rather that they are
social effects produced in interactions between people. While I would hazard a
guess that this is nothing new to Corbyn, and the socialists of the 21<sup>st</sup>
century, I would take a risk on the claim that May and the Conservative government
would not understand social inequality in this way or really want to follow
through on the implications of this understanding. Why? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
answer to this question is very simple. When we understand individuals in terms
of social relations, and recognise that their fates are co-dependent, improvement
in the condition of one person or one group of people cannot be achieved
without modification of the position of others who they are bound to by virtue
of their common social situation. In other words, if we want to address
poverty, reduce disadvantage, and increase opportunity, we have to address the
privilege of the few, the rich, the advantaged, and those who David Graeber
called the 1%. In other words, tackling <i>social</i> inequality must come down to
redistribution in some form or other. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Although
I would like to believe that Theresa May will turn out to be the first socialist
Conservative Prime Minister, I doubt this will be case and would imagine that
she has instead appropriated the idea of social inequality in a
post-Thatcherite sense where the individual is the alpha and omega of life.
Coming at inequalities between rich and poor from this point of view is
politically less explosive, and certainly less surrealistic for a Conservative
leader, because what it effectively says is that it is a problem that some have
so much and others have very little and that we should try to do something
about this. What this view does not do though – and this is the key point – is
invoke the sociological truth that some have everything because others have
nothing and vice versa. This is the essential power relation that is
immediately intelligible to sociologists, but that no Conservative Prime Minister
or politician could easily recognise on pain of abandonment of the recent
history of Conservative political ideology. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">By
contrast, what I think May actually means is that some have a lot, others have
very little, this is bad, particularly for those who have very little, and that
we must try to find ways to increase the wealth and advantage of everybody. In
other words, we must become a richer, better off, society across the board. Who
could argue with that idea? Nobody. Unfortunately, the problem with this vision
is that it relies on a fantasy of limitless growth – a fantasy of an
ever-expanding pie similar to something one might read about in a Roald Dahl
story – that it was possible to believe back in the 19<sup>th</sup> century
and the industrial age, but that it has become impossible to take seriously
since the 1970s when we first became aware of the ecological limits of global
economic growth. Moreover, it was this recognition of the limits of economy
based in the finitude of the planet – there is only so much you can take from
the earth, which is finite – that in many respects led to what we might call
the neoliberal financial revolution and consequently the history of the
Thatcher period, through Blair, to Cameron up to the present. What did Thatcher
do if not dismantle British industry, unleash the City, and make finance the
engine of the British economy? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
advantage of this financial turn in a period haunted by the spectre of low
growth was, of course, that we could paradoxically have <i>growth without growth</i> based in finance (credit that would
eventually become the dead weight of debt) and that equality of opportunity, some sense of equality of wealth, and most centrally some degree of equality of ability to consume could bought on the basis of
finance. But what happened under Brown was that the system of global
financialisation collapsed, because credit
/ debt was so far out of sync with productivity in the real economy, and
Cameron was left to pick up the pieces. The result was the turn to austerity,
the rolling back of the social state which was considered unaffordable in the wake of the bank bail outs, and the widening of the gap between rich
and poor on the basis that conventional economic wisdom suggested that it would
be a grave mistake to tax the rich to pay for the upkeep of the poor because it
is the rich who are the motor of the economy. As a result, the poor, the disadvantaged,
become a burden, and the Coalition was very effective in demonising the weakest
members of society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">It
is this situation that produced the Brexit ‘protest’ vote in June, where the
have nots of British society sought to blame their situation on the European
super state without recognising that the Conservative government they had
elected a matter of months before was equally committed to punishing the poor
for the failure of the global financial system, and eventually propelled May
into power. While the architects of Brexit - Johnson, Gove, and Farage -
vanished from the scene when it became clear that they had engineered a radical
break with the neoliberal consensus without a real plan for what would happen next, the problem for May became how to move on.
What comes next? While she seems keen to evade making everything about Brexit,
the impact of the June vote is, in a sense, impossible to escape. What people
voted for when they voted out of Europe is a different kind of Britain, where
the divisions between distant elites and everybody else is less stark, and I
think that it is this situation that May wants to respond to through her talk
about reducing social inequality and so on. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="left" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">However,
I cannot believe that the Conservatives will actually be able to deliver on her
talk, because this would effectively make her the first socialist Conservative
leader, unless the plan is to return to the Blair years where easy credit was the
order of the day. But while this will allow May to address the situation of the
poor in the present, it will do nothing to tackle real social inequality, which remains a
relation based in the power of those who have everything over those who really have
nothing: simply increasing the debt burden of the poor in order to project their situation into the future is no <i>real</i> solution to the problem of inequality. The only other alternative I can foresee is that the power relation
between the haves and have nots – and in this respect the matrix of social
inequality – will become about insiders and outsiders, where this is understood
in ethnic terms. Under these conditions, the problem of tackling social
inequality will not become about the division between rich and poor, which
would require thinking about routes to redistribution, but rather a politics of race
where the white British majority attack others who have apparently condemned
them to live precarious lives characterised by poverty, debt, and an inability
to imagine a better future. This is, of course, a complete mis-understanding of
the situation – inequality is first and foremost a problem of capitalism and only
ever an ethnic problem for those who cannot see, or absolutely do not want to
see, the naked truth of class division.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Markhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12585424172892441614noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-44045274320812752352016-08-04T11:28:00.000+01:002016-08-11T13:47:41.377+01:00Black women in the academy: ‘inclusion’ or erasure from the social sciences?: A BSA regional postgraduate event<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Date:</b> Tuesday, 20<sup>th</sup> September
2016, Ballroom, Keele Hall, Keele University</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Keynote speakers</b>: Professor Claire
Alexander (The University of Manchester) and Professor Kalwant Bhopal (The
University of Southampton)</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #6b387b;">Event Outline</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #5e6162;"></span></span></div>
<br />
<div class="RdgPostertext" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">“Much of the
Eurocentric masculinist worldview fosters Black women's subordination. But
placing Black women's experiences at the center of analysis offers fresh
insights on the prevailing concepts, paradigms, and epistemologies of this
worldview” – Patricia Hill Collins, 1990. </span></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="RdgPostertext" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">The category ‘Black’ during the 1980s homogenised
the struggles of Caribbean and Asian communities in racist Britain. However,
the applicability of this categorisation towards British Asians has been
contested (Modood, 1994) and even its use towards African diasporic communities
(Kwesi, 2015). Despite these contestations, the UK welcomes a Black Studies
degree to Britain at Birmingham City University in September 2017, signalling
the importance of disrupting historically White spaces and decolonising
knowledge. This conference day will bring together academic scholars who
identify as black, to provide an intellectual space to discuss about the impact
of ‘race’ and gender on their academic work. This day is unique in also
providing a reflective space for scholars’ experiences of survival at the
margins (hooks, 1990). Women of colour working within the social sciences in
the UK are often still marginalised and face other, intersectional challenges
not illuminated under traditional inequalities’ discourse. We invite scholars,
intellectuals and activist women of colour to contest Eurocentric, male and
heterosexual epistemologies. The margins should not solely be seen as a site of
disadvantage; rather, this event is shaped by an understanding that black women
academics’ liminal position in historically White spaces offers the
“opportunity/obligation to transcend their either/or way of knowing” (Dunbar,
2008:86).</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Confirmed established academics' panelists</b>: Professor Farzana Shain
(University of Keele), Dr Denise Noble (Birmingham City University), Dr Lorna
Roberts (Manchester Metropolitan University), Dr Shirin Housee (University of Wolverhampton),
Dr Lisa Palmer (Birmingham City University, TBC)</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Call for papers</b></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">We
invite paper contributions from doctoral, early career, to established academics
writing in the following thematic areas:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Black
academics or students in Higher Education;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Black
cultures in Britain;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-‘Race’,
ethnicity and (black) girl/boyhood;</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Black
communities in popular culture;</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Migration
and narrative stories from black communities</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">-Queer
studies or trans studies related to black communities</span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Please email
abstracts (up to 250 words) to Nadena Doharty (<a href="mailto:n.doharty@keele.ac.uk">n.doharty@keele.ac.uk</a>) by Friday, 26<sup>th</sup>
August 201<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">6</span> indicating any special technological requirements. Each panelist
will have a maximum of 15 minutes to present.</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>Registration</u></b></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Click
<a href="http://portal.britsoc.co.uk/public/event/eventBooking.aspx?id=EVT10588">HERE</a>
to register: BSA Member registration £10, Non-Member Registration £25 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Caribbean
lunch provided, though please <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">make sure
you indicate any special dietary requirements</b>. Places limited so please
book quickly.</span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Any
queries about the event to be sent to Nadena Doharty, <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #4f81bd; mso-themecolor: accent1;">n.doharty@keele.ac.uk</span></b></span></div>
Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5169975129697093014.post-35145012795214258652016-08-03T15:53:00.001+01:002016-08-03T16:00:11.949+01:00Student Post: Studying Sociology and Making a Difference<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"><i>This post is written by Verostina Antwi who recently graduated from Keele. Verostina was awarded the Sociology undergraduate dissertation prize as her dissertation received the highest mark in her year group. Her dissertation was titled, 'Black Skin, 'Carved' Mask: Sense of belonging and identity amongst second generation West African immigrants in the UK'</i>.<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3aygK7GcQbk/V6IDxD0t1uI/AAAAAAAAAZk/GShhRKgJ5qQ7pfH0KXokuXBHWGyLVsv8ACLcB/s1600/Tina%2BAntwi%2Bgraduation.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-3aygK7GcQbk/V6IDxD0t1uI/AAAAAAAAAZk/GShhRKgJ5qQ7pfH0KXokuXBHWGyLVsv8ACLcB/s400/Tina%2BAntwi%2Bgraduation.jpg" width="330" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Verostina celebrating her graduation from Keele</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">My three years at Keele have been a fantastic time where I have seen my studies</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> <span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">come to life through the continuous opportunities that I have been presented with. While studying my degree in Sociology and International Relations I actively participated in the University community to make a difference. During my time at Keele I served as a Keele University Ambassador, Kube Radio Presenter, and a Residential Support Assistant. I also spent a semester studying abroad in Sweden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">The unique opportunities presented at Keele gave me an opportunity to develop as well as well as engage with social issues. I am dedicated to helping others and have worked on projects at local, national and international levels including my role as Chair of the Economics and Finance committee in the 2015 Model UN in Sweden.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Additionally, for the last three years I have worked in the field of broadcast journalism where I have advocated for humanitarian and ethical issues engaging in major debates on issues such as human trafficking and child poverty. As a result of my role I had an opportunity to interview many representatives of government and non-governmental organisations discussing solutions to many of these issues.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Keele has certainly had an impact in my life. I have left knowing that I have had the best experience in a lifetime.</span></div>
Sociology, Keelehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05711662411093932004noreply@blogger.com0